学而篇 第一
主要讲“务本”的道理,引导初学者入“道”之门。
1.1子⑴曰:“学而时⑵习⑶之,不亦说⑷乎?有朋⑸自远方来,不亦乐乎?人不知⑹,而不愠⑺,不亦君子⑻乎?”
【译文】孔子说:“学了,然后按一定的时间去实习它,不也高兴吗?有志同道合的人从远处来,不也快乐吗?人家不了解我,我却不怨恨,不也是君子吗?”
【英译】The Master said, "Is it not pleasant to learn with a constant perseverance and application? Is it not delightful to have friends coming from distant quarters? Is he not a man of complete virtue, who feels no discomposure though men may take no note of him?"
1.2有子⑴曰:“其为人也孝弟⑵,而好犯⑶上者,鲜⑷矣;不好犯上,而好作乱者,未之有也⑸。君子务本,本立而道生。孝弟也者,其为仁之本⑹与⑺!”
【译文】有子说:“他的为人,孝顺爹娘,敬爱兄长,却喜欢触犯上级,这种人是很少的;不喜欢触犯上级,却喜欢造反,这种人从来没有过。君子专心致力于基础工作,基础树立了,『道』就会产生。孝顺爹娘,敬爱兄长,这就是『仁』的基础吧!”
【英译】 The philosopher You said, "They are few who, being filial and fraternal, are fond of offending against their superiors. There have been none, who, not liking to offend against their superiors, have been fond of stirring up confusion. The superior man bends his attention to what is radical. That being established, all practical courses naturally grow up. Filial piety and fraternal submission! - are they not the root of all benevolent actions?"
1.3子曰:“巧言令色⑴,鲜矣仁!”
【译文】孔子说:“花言巧语,伪善的面貌,这种人,『仁德』是不会多的。”
【英译】The Master said, "Fine words and an insinuating appearance are seldom associated with true virtue."
1.4曾子⑴曰:“吾日三省⑵吾身——为人谋而不忠乎?与朋友交而不信⑶乎?传⑷不习⑸乎?”
【译文】曾子说:“我每天多次自己反省:替别人办事是否尽心竭力了呢?同朋友往来是否诚实呢?老师传授我的学业是否复习了呢?”
【英译】The philosopher Zeng said, "I daily examine myself on three points: whether, in transacting business for others, I may have been not faithful; whether, in intercourse with friends, I may have been not sincere; whether I may have not mastered and practiced the instructions of my teacher."
1.5子曰:“道⑴千乘之国⑵,敬事⑶而信,节用而爱人⑷,使民以时⑸。”
【译文】孔子说:“治理具有一千辆兵车的国家,就要严肃认真地对待工作,信实无欺,节约费用,爱护官吏,役使老百姓要在农闲时间。”
【英译】The Master said, "To rule a country of a thousand chariots, there must be reverent attention to business, and sincerity; economy in expenditure, and love for men; and the employment of the people at the proper seasons."
1.6子曰:“弟子⑴入⑵则孝,出⑵则悌,谨⑶而信,泛爱众,而亲仁⑷。行有余力,则以学文。”
【译文】孔子说:“后生小子,在父母跟前,就孝顺父母;离开自己房子,便敬爱兄长;寡言少语,说则诚实可信,博爱大众,亲近有仁德的人。这样躬行实践之后,有剩余力量,就再去学习文献。”
【英译】The Master said, "A youth, when at home, should be filial, and, abroad, respectful to his elders. He should be earnest and truthful. He should overflow in love to all, and cultivate the friendship of the good. When he has time and opportunity, after the performance of these things, he should employ them in polite studies."
1.7子夏⑴曰:“贤贤易色⑵;事父母,能竭其力;事君,能致⑶其身;与朋友交,言而有信。虽曰未学,吾必谓之学矣。”
【译文】子夏说:“对妻子,重品德,不重容貌;侍奉爹娘,能尽心竭力;服事君上,能豁出生命;同朋友交往,说话诚实守信。这种人,虽说没学习过,我一定说他已经学习过了。”
【英译】Zi Xia said, "If a man withdraws his mind from the love of beauty, and applies it as sincerely to the love of the virtuous; if, in serving his parents, he can exert his utmost strength; if, in serving his prince, he can devote his life; if, in his intercourse with his friends, his words are sincere - although men say that he has not learned, I will certainly say that he has."
1.8子曰:“君子⑴不重,则不威;学则不固。主忠信⑵。无友不如己者⑶。过,则勿惮改。”
【译文】孔子说:“君子,如果不庄重,就没有威严;卽使读书,所学的也不会巩固。要以忠和信两种道德为主。不要跟不如自己的人交朋友。有了过错,就不要怕改正。”
【英译】 The Master said, "If the scholar be not grave, he will not call forth any veneration, and his learning will not be solid. Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles. Have no friends not equal to yourself. When you have faults, do not fear to abandon them."
1.9曾子曰:“慎终⑴,追远⑵,民德归厚矣。”
【译文】曾子说:“谨慎地对待父母的死亡,追念远代祖先,自然会导致老百姓归于忠厚老实了。”
【英译】The philosopher Zeng said, "Let there be a careful attention to perform the funeral rites to parents, and let them be followed when long gone with the ceremonies of sacrifice - then the virtue of the people will resume its proper excellence."
1.10子禽⑴问于子贡⑵曰:“夫子⑶至于是邦也,必闻其政,求之与?抑与之与?”子贡曰:“夫子温、良、恭、俭、让以得之。夫子之求之也,其诸⑷异乎人之求之与?”
【译文】子禽向子贡问道:“他老人家一到哪个国家,必然听得到那个国家的政事,求来的呢?还是别人自动告诉他的呢?”子贡道:“他老人家是靠温和、善良、严肃、节俭、谦逊来取得的。他老人家获得的方法,和别人获得的方法,不相同吧?”
【英译】Zi Qin asked Zi Gong, saying, "When our master comes to any country, he does not fail to learn all about its government. Does he ask his information? or is it given to him?" Zi Gong said, "Our master is benign, upright, courteous, temperate, and complaisant and thus he gets his information. The master's mode of asking information! - is it not different from that of other men?"
1.11子曰:“父在,观其⑴志;父没,观其⑴行⑵;三年⑶无改于父之道⑷,可谓孝矣。”
【译文】孔子说:“当他父亲活着,[因为他无权独立行动,]要观察他的志向;他父亲死了,要考察他的行为;若是他对他父亲的合理部分,长期地不加改变,可以说做到孝了。”
【英译】The Master said, "While a man's father is alive, look at the bent of his will; when his father is dead, look at his conduct. If for three years he does not alter from the way of his father, he may be called filial."
1.12有子曰:“礼之用,和⑴为贵。先王之道,斯为美;小大由之。有所不行⑵,知和而和,不以礼节之,亦不可行也。”
【译文】有子说:“礼的作用,以遇事都做得恰当为可贵。过去圣明君王的治理国家,可宝贵的地方就在这里;他们小事大事都做得恰当。但是,如有行不通的地方,便为恰当而求恰当,不用一定的规矩制度来加以节制,也是不可行的。”
【英译】The philosopher You said, "In practicing the rules of propriety, a natural ease is to be prized. In the ways prescribed by the ancient kings, this is the excellent quality, and in things small and great we follow them. Yet it is not to be observed in all cases. If one, knowing how such ease should be prized, manifests it, without regulating it by the rules of propriety, this likewise is not to be done."
1.13有子曰:“信近于义,言可复⑴也。恭近于礼,远⑵耻辱也。因⑶不失其亲,亦可宗⑷也。”
【译文】有子说:“所守的约言符合义,说的话就能兑现。态度容貌的庄矜合于礼,就不致遭受侮辱。依靠关系深的人,也就可靠了。”
【英译】The philosopher You said, "When agreements are made according to what is right, what is spoken can be made good. When respect is shown according to what is proper, one keeps far from shame and disgrace. When the parties upon whom a man leans are proper persons to be intimate with, he can make them his guides and masters."
1.14子曰:“君子⑴食无求饱,居无求安,敏于事而慎于言,就有道而正⑵焉,可谓好学也已。”
【译文】孔子说:“君子,吃食不要求饱足,居住不要求舒适,对工作勤劳敏捷,说话却谨慎,到有道的人那里去匡正自己,这样,可以说是好学了。”
【英译】The Master said, "He who aims to be a man of complete virtue in his food does not seek to gratify his appetite, nor in his dwelling place does he seek the appliances of ease; he is earnest in what he is doing, and careful in his speech; he frequents the company of men of principle that he may be rectified - such a person may be said indeed to love to learn."
1.15子贡曰:“贫而无谄,富而无骄,何如⑴?”子曰:“可也;未若贫而乐⑵,富而好礼者也。”子贡曰:“《诗》云:『如切如磋,如琢如磨⑶』其斯之谓与?”子曰:“赐⑷也,始可与言诗已矣,告诸往而知来者⑸。”
【译文】子贡说:“贫穷却不巴结奉承,有钱却不骄傲自大,怎么样?”孔子说:“可以了;但是还不如虽贫穷却乐于道,纵有钱却谦虚好礼哩。”子贡说:“《诗经》上说:『要像对待骨、角、象牙、玉石一样,先开料,再糙锉,细刻,然后磨光。』那就是这样的意思吧?”孔子道:“赐呀,现在可以同你讨论《诗经》了,告诉你一件,你能有所发挥,举一反三了。”
【英译】Zi Gong said, "What do you pronounce concerning the poor man who yet does not flatter, and the rich man who is not proud?" The Master replied, "They will do; but they are not equal to him, who, though poor, is yet cheerful, and to him, who, though rich, loves the rules of propriety." Zi Gong replied, "It is said in the Book of Poetry, 'As you cut and then file, as you carve and then polish.' - The meaning is the same, I apprehend, as that which you have just expressed." The Master said, "With one like Ci, I can begin to talk about the odes. I told him one point, and he knew its proper sequence."
1.16子曰:“不患人之不己知,患不知人也。”
【译文】孔子说:“别人不了解我,我不急;我急的是自己不了解别人。”
【英译】 The Master said, "I will not be afflicted at men's not knowing me; I will be afflicted that I do not know men."
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