为政篇 第二
主要讲治理国家的道理与方法。
2.1子曰:“为政以德,譬如北辰⑴居其所而众星共⑵之。”
【译文】孔子说:“用道德来治理国政,自己便会像北极星一般,在一定的位置上,别的星辰都环绕着它。”
【英译】The Master said, "He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it."
2.2子曰:“诗三百⑴,一言以蔽之,曰:『思无邪⑵』。”
【译文】孔子说:“《诗经》三百篇,用一句话来概括它,就是『思想纯正』。”
【英译】The Master said, "In the Book of Poetry are three hundred pieces, but the design of them all may be embraced in one sentence - 'Having no depraved thoughts.'"
2.3子曰:“道⑴之以政,齐之以刑,民免⑵而无耻;道之以德,齐之以礼,有耻且格⑶。”
【译文】孔子说:“用政法来诱导他们,使用刑罚来整顿他们,人民只是暂时地免于罪过,却没有廉耻之心。如果用道德来诱导他们,使用礼教来整顿他们,人民不但有廉耻之心,而且人心归服。”
【英译】The Master said, "If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of shame, and moreover will become good."
2.4子曰:“吾十有⑴五而志于学,三十而立⑵,四十而不惑⑶,五十而知天命⑷,六十而耳顺⑸,七十而从心所欲,不踰矩⑹。”
【译文】孔子说:“我十五岁,有志于学问;三十岁,[懂礼仪,]说话做事都有把握;四十岁,[掌握了各种知识,]不致迷惑;五十岁,得知天命;六十岁,一听别人言语,便可以分别真假,判明是非;到了七十岁,便随心所欲,任何念头不越出规矩。”
【英译】The Master said, "At fifteen, I had my mind bent on learning. At thirty, I stood firm. At forty, I had no doubts. At fifty, I knew the decrees of Heaven. At sixty, my ear was an obedient organ for the reception of truth. At seventy, I could follow what my heart desired, without transgressing what was right."
2.5孟懿子⑴问孝。子曰:“无违⑵。”樊迟⑶御,子告之曰:“孟孙问孝于我,我对曰,无违。”樊迟曰:“何谓也?”子曰:“生,事之以礼⑷;死,葬之以礼,祭之以礼。”
【译文】孟懿子向孔子问孝道。孔子说:“不要违背礼节。”不久,樊迟替孔子赶车子,孔子便告诉他说:“孟孙向我问孝道,我答复说,不要违背礼节。”樊迟道:“这是什么意思?”孔子道:“父母活着,依规定的礼节侍奉他们;死了,依规定的礼节埋葬他们,祭祀他们。”
【英译】Meng Yi asked what filial piety was. The Master said, "It is not being disobedient." Soon after, as Fan Chi was driving him, the Master told him, saying, "Meng-sun asked me what filial piety was, and I answered him, - 'not being disobedient.'" Fan Chi said, "What did you mean?" The Master replied, "That parents, when alive, be served according to propriety; that, when dead, they should be buried according to propriety; and that they should be sacrificed to according to propriety."
2.6孟武伯⑴问孝。子曰:“父母唯其⑵疾之忧。”
【译文】孟武伯向孔子请教孝道。孔子道:“做爹娘的只是为孝子的疾病发愁。”
【英译】Meng Wu asked what filial piety was. The Master said, "Parents are anxious lest their children should be sick."
2.7子游⑴问孝。子曰:“今之孝者,是谓能养⑵。至于⑶犬马,皆能有养⑷;不敬,何以别乎?”
【译文】子游问孝道。孔子说:“现在的所谓孝,就是说能够养活爹娘便行了。对于狗马都能够得到饲养;若不存心严肃地孝顺父母,那养活爹娘和饲养狗马怎样去分别呢?”
【英译】Zi You asked what filial piety was. The Master said, "The filial piety nowadays means the support of one's parents. But dogs and horses likewise are able to do something in the way of support; - without reverence, what is there to distinguish the one support given from the other?"
2.8子夏问孝。子曰:“色难⑴。有事,弟子⑵服其劳;有酒食⑶,先生馔⑷,曾⑸是以为孝乎?”
【译文】子夏问孝道。孔子道:“儿子在父母前经常有愉悦的容色,是件难事。有事情,年轻人效劳;有酒有肴,年长的人吃喝,难道这竟可认为是孝么?”
【英译】Zi Xia asked what filial piety was. The Master said, "The difficulty is with the countenance. If, when their elders have any troublesome affairs, the young take the toil of them, and if, when the young have wine and food, they set them before their elders, is THIS to be considered filial piety?"
2.9子曰:“吾与回⑴言终日,不违,如愚。退而省其私⑵,亦足以发,回也不愚。”
【译文】孔子说:“我整天和颜回讲学,他从不提反对意见和疑问,像个蠢人。等他退回去自己研究,却也能发挥,可见颜回并不愚蠢。”
【英译】The Master said, "I have talked with Hui for a whole day, and he has not made any objection to anything I said - as if he were stupid. He has retired, and I have examined his conduct when away from me, and found him able to illustrate my teachings. Hui! - He is not stupid."
2.10子曰:“视其所以⑴,观其所由⑵,察其所安⑶。人焉廋哉⑷?人焉廋哉?”
【译文】孔子说:“考查一个人所结交的朋友;观察他为达到一定目的所采用的方式方法;了解他的心情,安于什么,不安于什么。那么,这个人怎样隐藏得住呢?这个人怎样隐藏得住呢?”
【英译】The Master said, "See what a man does. Mark his motives. Examine in what things he rests. How can a man conceal his character? How can a man conceal his character?"
2.11子曰:“温故而知新⑴,可以为师矣。”
【译文】孔子说:“在温习旧知识时,能有新体会、新发现,就可以做老师了。”
【英译】The Master said, "If a man keeps cherishing his old knowledge, so as continually to be acquiring new, he may be a teacher of others."
2.12子曰:“君子不器⑴。”
【译文】孔子说:“君子不像器皿一般,[只有一定的用途。]”
【英译】The Master said, "The accomplished scholar is not a utensil."
2.13子贡问君子。子曰:“先行其言而后从之。”
【译文】子贡问怎样才能做一个君子。孔子道:“对于你要说的话,先实行了,再说出来[这就够说是一个君子了]。”
【英译】Zi Gong asked what constituted the superior man. The Master said, "He acts before he speaks, and afterwards speaks according to his actions."
2.14子曰:“君子周而不比⑴,小人比而不周。”
【译文】孔子说:“君子是团结,而不是勾结;小人是勾结,而不是团结。”
【英译】The Master said, "The superior man is catholic and not partisan. The mean man is partisan and not catholic."
2.15子曰:“学而不思则罔⑴,思而不学则殆⑵。”
【译文】孔子说:“只是读书,却不思考,就会受骗;只是空想,却不读书,就会缺乏信心。”
【英译】The Master said, "Learning without thought is labor lost; thought without learning is perilous."
2.16子曰:“攻⑴乎异端⑵,斯⑶害也已⑷。”
【译文】孔子说:“批判那些不正确的议论,祸害就可以消灭了。”
【英译】The Master said, "The study of strange doctrines is injurious indeed!"
2.17子曰:“由⑴!诲女知之乎!知之为知之,不知为不知,是知也⑵。”
【译文】孔子说:“由!教给你对待知或不知的正确态度吧!知道就是知道,不知道就是不知道,这就是聪明智慧。”
【英译】The Master said, "You, shall I teach you what knowledge is? When you know a thing, to hold that you know it; and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it - this is knowledge."
2.18子张⑴学干禄⑵。子曰:“多闻阙疑,慎言其余,则寡尤;多见阙殆⑶,慎行其余,则寡悔。言寡尤,行⑷寡悔,禄在其中矣。”
【译文】子张向孔子学求官职得俸禄的方法。孔子说:“多听,有怀疑的地方,加以保留;其余足以自信的部分,谨慎地说出,就能减少错误。多看,有怀疑的地方,加以保留;其余足以自信的部分,谨慎地实行,就能减少懊悔。言语的错误少,行动的懊悔少,官职俸禄就在这里面了。”
【英译】Zi Zhang was learning with a view to official emolument. The Master said, "Hear much and put aside the points of which you stand in doubt, while you speak cautiously at the same time of the others - then you will afford few occasions for blame. See much and put aside the things which seem perilous, while you are cautious at the same time in carrying the others into practice - then you will have few occasions for repentance. When one gives few occasions for blame in his words, and few occasions for repentance in his conduct, he is in the way to get emolument."
2.19哀公⑴问曰:“何为则民服?”孔子对曰⑵:“举直错诸枉⑶,则民服;举枉错诸直,则民不服。”
【译文】鲁哀公问道:“要做些甚么事才能使百姓服从呢?”,孔子答道:“把正直的人提拔出来,放在邪曲的人之上,百姓就服从了;若是把邪曲的人提拔出来,放在正直的人之上,百姓就会不服从。”
【英译】The Duke Ai asked, saying, "What should be done in order to secure the submission of the people?" Confucius replied, "Advance the upright and set aside the crooked, then the people will submit. Advance the crooked and set aside the upright, then the people will not submit."
2.20季康子⑴问:“使民敬、忠以⑵劝,如之何?”子曰:“临之以庄,则敬;孝慈,则忠;举善而教不能,则劝。”
【译文】季康子问道:“要使人民严肃认真,尽心竭力和互相勉励,应该怎么办呢?”孔子说:“你对待人民的事情严肃认真,他们对待你的政令也会严肃认真了;你孝顺父母,慈爱幼小,他们也就会对你尽心竭力了;你提拔好人,教育能力弱的人,他们也就会劝勉了。”
【英译】Ji Kang asked how to cause the people to reverence their ruler, to be faithful to him, and to go on to nerve themselves to virtue. The Master said, "Let him preside over them with gravity; then they will reverence him. Let him be final and kind to all; then they will be faithful to him. Let him advance the good and teach the incompetent; then they will eagerly seek to be virtuous."
2.21或谓孔子曰:“子奚不为政?”子曰:“《书》⑴云:『孝乎惟孝,友于兄弟,施⑵于有政⑶。』是亦为政,奚其为为政?”
【译文】有人对孔子道:“你为什么不参与政治?”孔子道:“《尚书》上说,『孝呀,只有孝顺父母,友爱兄弟,把这种风气影响到政治上去。』这也就是参与政治了呀,为什么定要做官才算参与政治呢?”
【英译】Some one addressed Confucius, saying, "Sir, why are you not engaged in the government?" The Master said, "What does the Shu Jing say of filial piety? - 'You are filial, you discharge your brotherly duties. These qualities are displayed in government.' This then also constitutes the exercise of government. Why must there be THAT - making one be in the government?"
2.22子曰:“人而无信⑴,不知其可也。大车无輗,小车无軏⑵,其何以行之哉?”
【译文】孔子说:“做为一个人,却不讲信誉,不知那怎么可以。譬如大车子没有安横木的輗,小车子没有安横木的軏,如何能走呢?”
【英译】The Master said, "I do not know how a man without truthfulness is to get on. How can a large carriage be made to go without the crossbar for yoking the oxen to, or a small carriage without the arrangement for yoking the horses?"
2.23子张问:“十世可知也⑴?”子曰:“殷因于夏礼,所损益,可知也;周因于殷礼,所损益,可知也。其或继周者,虽百世,可知也。”
【译文】子张问:“今后十代[的礼仪制度]可以预先知道吗?”孔子说:“殷朝沿袭夏朝的礼仪制度,所废除的,所增加的,是可以知道的;周朝沿袭殷朝的礼仪制度,所废除的,所增加的,也是可以知道的。那么,假定有继承周朝而当政的人,就是以后一百代,也是可以预先知道的。”
【英译】Zi Zhang asked whether the affairs of ten ages after could be known. Confucius said, "The Yin dynasty followed the regulations of the Xia; wherein it took from or added to them may be known. The Zhou dynasty has followed the regulations of Yin; wherein it took from or added to them may be known. Some other may follow the Zhou, but though it should be at the distance of a hundred ages, its affairs may be known."
2.24子曰:“非其鬼⑴而祭⑵之,谄⑶也。见义不为,无勇也。”
【译文】孔子说:“不是自己应该祭祀的鬼神,却去祭祀他,这是献媚。眼见应该挺身而出的事情,却袖手旁观,这是怯懦。”
【英译】The Master said, "For a man to sacrifice to a spirit which does not belong to him is flattery. To see what is right and not to do it is want of courage."
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