八佾篇 第三
主要记录孔子谈论关于礼乐的言论。
3.1孔子谓季氏,⑴“八佾⑵舞于庭,是可忍⑶也,孰不可忍也?”
【译文】孔子谈到季氏,说:“他用六十四人在庭院中奏乐舞蹈,这都可以狠心做出来,甚么事不可以狠心做出来呢?”
【英译】Confucius said of the head of the Ji family, who had eight rows of pantomimes in his area, "If he can bear to do this, what may he not bear to do?"
3.2三家⑴者以《雍》⑵彻。子曰:“『相⑶维辟公,天子穆穆』,奚取于三家之堂?”
【译文】仲孙、叔孙、季孙三家,当他们祭祀祖先时候,[也用天子的礼,]唱着雍这篇诗来撤除祭品。孔子说:“[《雍》诗上有这样的话]『助祭的是诸侯,天子严肃静穆地在那儿主祭。』这两句话,用在三家祭祖的大厅上在意义上取它哪一点呢?”
【英译】The three families used the Yong ode, while the vessels were being removed, at the conclusion of the sacrifice. The Master said, "'Assisting are the princes; the son of heaven looks profound and grave' - what application can these words have in the hall of the three families?"
3.3子曰:“人而不仁,如礼何?人而不仁,如乐何?”
【译文】孔子说:“做了人,却不仁,怎样来对待礼仪制度呢?做了人,却不仁,怎样来对待音乐呢?”
【英译】The Master said, "If a man be without the virtues proper to humanity, what has he to do with the rites of propriety? If a man be without the virtues proper to humanity, what has he to do with music?"
3.4林放⑴问礼之本。子曰:“大哉问!礼,与其奢也,宁俭;丧,与其易⑵也,宁戚。”
【译文】林放问礼的本质。孔子说:“你的问题意义重大呀,就一般礼仪说,与其铺张浪费,宁可朴素俭约;就丧礼说,与其仪文周到,宁可过度悲哀。”
【英译】 Lin Fang asked what was the first thing to be attended to in ceremonies. The Master said, "A great question indeed! In festive ceremonies, it is better to be sparing than extravagant. In the ceremonies of mourning, it is better that there be deep sorrow than a minute attention to observances."
3.5子曰:“夷狄之有君,不如⑴诸夏之亡⑵也。”
【译文】孔子说:“文化落后国家虽然有个君主,还不如中国没有君主哩。”
【英译】The Master said, "The rude tribes of the east and north have their princes, and are not like the States of our great land which are without them."
3.6季氏旅⑴于泰山。子谓冉有⑵曰:“女弗能救与?”对曰:“不能。”子曰:“呜呼!曾谓泰山不如林放乎?”
【译文】季氏要去祭祀泰山。孔子对冉有说道:“你不能阻止吗?”冉有答道:“不能。”孔子道:“哎呀!竟可以说泰山之神还不及林放[懂礼,居然接受这不合规矩的祭祀]吗?”
【英译】 The chief of the Ji family was about to sacrifice to the Tai mountain. The Master said to Ran You, "Can you not save him from this?" He answered, "I cannot." Confucius said, "Alas! will you say that the Tai mountain is not so discerning as Lin Fang?"
3.7子曰:“君子无所争。必也射乎!揖让而升,下而饮。其争也君子⑴。”
【译文】孔子说:“君子没有什么可争的事情。如果有所争,一定是比箭吧,[但是当射箭的时候,]相互作揖然后登堂;[射箭完毕,]走下堂来,然后[作揖]喝酒。那一种竞赛是很有礼貌的。”
【英译】The Master said, "The student of virtue has no contentions. If it be said he cannot avoid them, shall this be in archery? But he bows complaisantly to his competitors; thus he ascends the hall, descends, and exacts the forfeit of drinking. In his contention, he is still the Junzi."
3.8子夏问曰:“『巧笑倩⑴兮,美目盼⑵兮,素以为绚⑶兮。』何谓也?”子曰:“绘事后素。”曰:“礼后⑷乎?”子曰:“起⑸予者商也!始可与言诗已矣。”
【译文】子夏问道:“『有酒涡的脸笑得美呀,黑白分明的眼流转得媚呀,洁白的底子上画着花卉呀。』这几句诗是什么意思?”孔子道:“先有白色底子,然后画花。” 子夏道:“那么,是不是礼乐的产生在[仁义]以后呢?”孔子道:“卜商呀,你真是能启发我的人。现在可以同你讨论《诗经》了。”
【英译】 Zi Xia asked, saying, "What is the meaning of the passage - 'The pretty dimples of her artful smile! The well-defined black and white of her eye! The plain ground for the colors?'" The Master said, "The business of laying on the colors follows (the preparation of) the plain ground." "Ceremonies then are a subsequent thing?" The Master said, "It is Shang who can bring out my meaning. Now I can begin to talk about the odes with him."
3.9子曰:“夏礼,吾能言之,杞⑴不足征也;殷礼,吾能言之,宋⑵不足征也。文献⑶不足故也。足,则吾能征之矣。”
【译文】孔子说:“夏代的礼,我能说出来,它的后代杞国不足以作证;殷代的礼,我能说出来,它的后代宋国不足以作证。这是他们的历史文件和贤者不够的缘故。若有足够的文件和贤者,我就可以引来作证了。”
【英译】 The Master said, "I could describe the ceremonies of the Xia dynasty, but Qi cannot sufficiently attest my words. I could describe the ceremonies of the Yin dynasty, but Song cannot sufficiently attest my words. (They cannot do so) because of the insufficiency of their records and wise men. If those were sufficient, I could adduce them in support of my words."
3.10子曰:“禘⑴自既灌⑵而往者,吾不欲观之矣。”
【译文】孔子说:“禘祭的礼,从第一次献酒以后,我就不想看了。”
【英译】 The Master said, "At the great sacrifice, after the pouring out of the libation, I have no wish to look on."
3.11或问禘之说。子曰:“不知也⑴;知其说者之于天下也,其如示⑵诸斯乎!”指其掌。
【译文】有人向孔子请教关于禘祭的理论。孔子说:“我不知道;知道的人对于治理天下,会好像把东西摆在这里一样容易罢!”一面说,一面指着手掌。
【英译】Some one asked the meaning of the great sacrifice. The Master said, "I do not know. He who knew its meaning would find it as easy to govern the kingdom as to look on this" - pointing to his palm.
3.12祭如在,祭神如神在。子曰:“吾不与祭,如不祭⑴。”
【译文】孔子祭祀祖先的时候,便好像祖先真在那里;祭神的时候,便好像神真在那里。孔子又说:“我若是不能亲自参加祭祀,是不请别人代理的。”
【英译】He sacrificed to the dead, as if they were present. He sacrificed to the spirits, as if the spirits were present. The Master said, "I consider my not being present at the sacrifice, as if I did not sacrifice."
3.13王孙贾⑴问曰:“与其媚于奥,宁媚于灶⑵,何谓也?”子曰:“不然;获罪于天,无所祷也⑶。”
【译文】王孙贾问道:“『与其巴结房屋里西南角的神,宁可巴结灶君司命,』这两句话是什么意思?”孔子道:“不对;若是得罪了上天,祈祷也没用。”
【英译】Wang Sun Jia asked, saying, "What is the meaning of the saying, 'It is better to pay court to the furnace than to the southwest corner?'" The Master said, "Not so. He who offends against Heaven has none to whom he can pray."
3.14子曰:“周监于二代⑴,郁郁乎文哉!吾从周。”
【译文】孔子说:“周朝的礼仪制度是以夏商两代为根据,然后制定的,多么丰富多彩呀,我主张周朝的。”
【英译】The Master said, "Zhou had the advantage of viewing the two past dynasties. How complete and elegant are its regulations! I follow Zhou."
3.15子入太庙⑴,每事问。或曰:“孰谓鄹人之子⑵知礼乎?入太庙,每事问。”子闻之,曰:“是礼也。”
【译文】孔子到了周公庙,每件事情都发问。有人便说:“谁说叔梁纥的这个儿子懂得礼呢?他到了太庙,每件事都要向别人请教。”孔子听到了这话,便道:“这正是礼呀。”
【英译】 The Master, when he entered the grand temple, asked about everything. Some one said, "Who say that the son of the man of Zou knows the rules of propriety! He has entered the grand temple and asks about everything." The Master heard the remark, and said, "This is a rule of propriety."
3.16子曰:“射不主皮⑴,为⑵力不同科⑶,古之道也。”
【译文】孔子说:“比箭,不一定要穿破箭靶子,因为各人的气力大小不一样,这是古时的规矩。”
【英译】The Master said, "In archery it is not going through the leather which is the principal thing - because people's strength is not equal. This was the old way."
3.17子贡欲去⑴告朔之饩羊⑵。子曰:“赐也!尔爱⑶其羊,我爱其礼。”
【译文】子贡要把鲁国每月初一告祭祖庙的那只活羊去而不用。孔子道:“赐呀,你可惜那只羊,我可惜那种礼。”
【英译】Zi Gong wished to do away with the offering of a sheep connected with the inauguration of the first day of each month. The Master said, "Ci, you love the sheep; I love the ceremony."
3.18子曰:“事君尽礼,人以为谄也。”
【译文】孔子说:“服事君主,一切依照做臣子的礼节做去,别人却以为他在谄媚哩。”
【英译】 The Master said, "The full observance of the rules of propriety in serving one's prince is accounted by people to be flattery."
3.19定公⑴问:“君使臣,臣事君,如之何?”孔子对曰:“君使臣以礼,臣事君以忠。”
【译文】鲁定公问:“君主使用臣子,臣子服事君主,各应该怎么样?”孔子答道:“君主应该依礼来使用臣子,臣子应该忠心地服事君主。”
【英译】 The duke Ding asked how a prince should employ his ministers, and how ministers should serve their prince. Confucius replied, "A prince should employ his minister according to according to the rules of propriety; ministers should serve their prince with faithfulness."
3.20子曰:“《关雎》⑴,乐而不淫⑵,哀而不伤。”
【译文】孔子说:“《关雎》这诗,快乐而不放荡,悲哀而不痛苦。”
【英译】The Master said, "The Guan Ju is expressive of enjoyment without being licentious, and of grief without being hurtfully excessive."
3.21哀公问社⑴于宰我⑵。宰我对曰:“夏后氏以松,殷人以柏,周人以栗,曰,使民战栗。”子闻之,曰:“成事不说,遂事不谏,既往不咎。”
【译文】鲁哀公向宰我问,作社主用什么木。宰我答道:“夏代用松木,殷代用柏木,周代用栗木,意思是使人民战战栗栗。”孔子听到了这话,[责备宰我]说:“已经做了的事不便再解释了,已经完成的事不便再挽救了,已经过去的事不便再追究了。”
【英译】The duke Ai asked Zai Wo about the altars of the spirits of the land. Zai Wo replied, "The Xia sovereign planted the pine tree about them; the men of the Yin planted the cypress; and the men of the Zhou planted the chestnut tree, meaning thereby to cause the people to be in awe." When the Master heard it, he said, "Things that are done, it is needless to speak about; things that have had their course, it is needless to remonstrate about; things that are past, it is needless to blame."
3.22子曰:“管仲⑴之器小哉!”或曰:“管仲俭乎?”曰:“管氏有三归⑵,官事不摄⑶,焉得俭?”“然则管仲知礼乎?”曰:“邦君树塞门⑷,管氏亦树塞门。邦君为两君之好⑸,有反坫⑹,管氏亦有反坫。管氏而⑺知礼,孰不知礼?”
【译文】孔子说:“管仲的器量狭小得很呀!”有人便问:“他是不是很节俭呢?”孔子道:“他收取了人民的大量的市租,他手下的人员,[一人一职,]从不兼差,如何能说是节俭呢?”那人又问:“那末,他懂得礼节么?”孔子又道:“国君宫殿门前,立了一个塞门;管氏也立了个塞门;国君设燕招待外国的君主,在堂上有放置酒杯的设备,管氏也有这样的设备。假若说他懂得礼节,那谁不懂得礼节呢?”
【英译】The Master said, "Small indeed was the capacity of Guan Zhong!" Some one said, "Was Guan Zhong parsimonious?" "Guan," was the reply, "had the San Gui, and his officers performed no double duties; how can he be considered parsimonious?" "Then, did Guan Zhong know the rules of propriety?" The Master said, "The princes of States have a screen intercepting the view at their gates. Guan had likewise a screen at his gate. The princes of States on any friendly meeting between two of them, had a stand on which to place their inverted cups. Guan had also such a stand. If Guan knew the rules of propriety, who does not know them?"
3.23子语⑴鲁大师⑵乐,曰:“乐其可知也:始作,翕⑶如也;从⑷之,纯如也,皦⑸如也,绎如也,以成。”
【译文】孔子把演奏音乐的道理告给鲁国的太师,说道:“音乐,那是可以晓得的:开始演奏,翕翕地热烈;继续下去,纯纯地和谐,皦皦地清晰,绎绎地不绝,这样,然后完成。”
【英译】The Master instructing the Grand music master of Lü said, "How to play music may be known. At the commencement of the piece, all the parts should sound together. As it proceeds, they should be in harmony while severally distinct and flowing without break, and thus on to the conclusion."
3.24仪封人⑴请见⑵,曰:“君子之至于斯也,吾未尝不得见也。”从者⑶见之⑵。出曰:“二三子何患于丧⑷乎?天下之无道也久矣,天将以夫子为木铎⑸。”
【译文】仪这个地方的边防官请求孔子接见他,说道:“所有到了这个地方的有道德学问的人,我从没有不和他见面的。”孔子的随行学生请求孔子接见了他。他辞出以后,对孔子的学生们说:“你们这些人为什么着急没有官位呢?天下黑暗日子也长久了,[圣人也该有得意的时候了,]上天会要把他老人家做人民的导师哩。”
【英译】 The border warden at I requested to be introduced to the Master, saying, "When men of superior virtue have come to this, I have never been denied the privilege of seeing them." The followers of the sage introduced him, and when he came out from the interview, he said, "My friends, why are you distressed by your master's loss of office? The kingdom has long been without the principles of truth and right; Heaven is going to use your master as a bell with its wooden tongue."
3.25子谓韶⑴,“尽美⑵矣,又尽善⑵也。”谓武⑶,“尽美矣,未尽善也。”
【译文】孔子论到韶,说:“美极了,而且好极了。”论到武,说:“美极了,却还不够好。”
【英译】 The Master said of the Shao that it was perfectly beautiful and also perfectly good. He said of the Wu that it was perfectly beautiful but not perfectly good.
3.26子曰:“居上不宽,为礼不敬,临丧不哀,吾何以观之哉?”
【译文】孔子说:“居于统治地位不宽宏大量,行礼的时候不严肃认真,参加丧礼的时候不悲哀,这种样子我怎么看得下去呢?”
【英译】 The Master said, "High station filled without indulgent generosity; ceremonies performed without reverence; mourning conducted without sorrow - wherewith should I contemplate such ways?"
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