季氏篇 第十六

16.1季氏将伐颛臾⑴。冉有、季路见于孔子曰：“季氏将有事⑵于颛臾。”孔子曰：“求！无乃尔是过⑶与？夫颛臾，昔者先王以为东蒙⑷主，且在邦域之中矣，是社稷之臣也。何以伐为？”冉有曰：“夫子欲之，吾二臣者皆不欲也。”孔子曰：“求！周任⑸有言曰：『陈力就列，不能者止。』危而不持，颠而不扶，则将焉用彼相矣？且尔言过矣，虎兕出于柙，龟玉毁于椟中，是谁之过与？”冉有曰：“今夫颛臾，固而近于费⑹。今不取，后世必为子孙忧。”孔子曰：“求！君子疾夫舍⑺曰欲之而必为之辞。丘也闻有国有家者，不患寡当作贫而患不均，不患贫当作寡而患不安⑻。盖均无贫，和无寡，安无倾。夫如是，故远人不服，则修文德以来之。既来之，则安之。今由与求也，相夫子，远人不服，而不能来也；邦分崩离析，而不能守也；而谋动干戈于邦内。吾恐季孙之忧，不在颛臾，而在萧墙之内⑼也。”

【译文】季氏准备攻打颛臾。冉有、子路两人谒见孔子，说道：“季氏准备对颛臾使用兵力。”孔子道：“冉求，这难道不应该责备你吗？颛臾，上代的君王曾经授权他主持东蒙山的祭祀，而且它的国境早在我们最初被封时的疆土之中，这正是和鲁国共安危存亡的藩属，为什么要去攻打它呢？”冉有道：“季孙要这么干，我们两人本来都是不同意的。”孔子道：“冉求！周任有句话说：『能够贡献自己的力量，这再任职；如果不行，就该辞职。』譬如瞎子遇到危险，不去扶持；将要摔倒了，不去搀扶，那又何必用助手呢？你的话是错了。老虎犀牛从槛里逃了出来，龟壳美玉在匣子里毁坏了，这是谁的责任呢？”冉有道：“颛臾，城墙既然坚牢，而且离季孙的采邑费地很近。现今不把它占领，日子久了，一定会给子孙留下祸害。”孔子道：“冉求！君子就讨厌［那种态度，］不说自己贪心无厌，却一定另找借口。我听说过：无论是诸侯或者大夫，不必着急财富不多，只须着急财富不均；不必着急人民太少，只须着急境内不安。若是财富平均，便无所谓贫穷；境内和平团结，便不会觉得人少；境内平安，便不会倾危。做到这样，远方的人还不归服，便再修仁义礼乐的政教来招致他们。他们来了，就得使他们安心。如今仲由和冉求两人辅相季孙，远方之人不归服，却不能招致；国家支离破碎，却不能保全；反而想在国境以内使用兵力。我恐怕季孙的忧愁不在颛臾，却在鲁君哩。”

【英译】The head of the Ji family was going to attack Zhuan Yu. Ran You and Ji Lu had an interview with Confucius, and said, "Our chief, Ji, is going to commence operations against Zhuan Yu." Confucius said, "Qiu, is it not you who are in fault here? Now, in regard to Zhuan Yu, long ago, a former king appointed its ruler to preside over the sacrifices to the eastern Mang; moreover, it is in the midst of the territory of our state; and its ruler is a minister in direct connection with the sovereign - What has your chief to do with attacking it?" Ran You said, "Our master wishes the thing; neither of us two ministers wishes it." Confucius said, "Qiu, there are the words of Zhou Ren, 'When he can put forth his ability, he takes his place in the ranks of office; when he finds himself unable to do so, he retires from it. How can he be used as a guide to a blind man, who does not support him when tottering, nor raise him up when fallen?' And further, you speak wrongly. When a tiger or rhinoceros escapes from his cage; when a tortoise or piece of jade is injured in its repository - whose is the fault?" Ran You said, "But at present, Zhuan Yu is strong and near to Fei; if our chief do not now take it, it will hereafter be a sorrow to his descendants." Confucius said. "Qiu, the superior man hates those declining to say 'I want such and such a thing,' and framing explanations for their conduct. I have heard that rulers of states and chiefs of families are not troubled lest their people should be few, but are troubled lest they should not keep their several places; that they are not troubled with fears of poverty, but are troubled with fears of a want of contented repose among the people in their several places. For when the people keep their several places, there will be no poverty; when harmony prevails, there will be no scarcity of people; and when there is such a contented repose, there will be no rebellious upsettings. So it is. Therefore, if remoter people are not submissive, all the influences of civil culture and virtue are to be cultivated to attract them to be so; and when they have been so attracted, they must be made contented and tranquil. Now, here are you, You and Qiu, assisting your chief. Remoter people are not submissive, and, with your help, he cannot attract them to him. In his own territory there are divisions and downfalls, leavings and separations, and, with your help, he cannot preserve it. And yet he is planning these hostile movements within the state. I am afraid that the sorrow of the Ji Sun family will not be on account of Zhuan Yu, but will be found within the screen of their own court."

16.2孔子曰：“天下有道，则礼乐征伐自天子出；天下无道，则礼乐征伐自诸侯出。自诸侯出，盖十世希不失矣；自大夫出，五世希不失矣；陪臣执国命，三世希不失矣⑴。天下有道，则政不在大夫。天下有道，则庶人不议。”

【译文】孔子说：“天下太平，制礼作乐以及出兵都决定于天子；天下昏乱，制礼作乐以及出兵便决定于诸侯。决定于诸侯，大概传到十代，很少还能继续的；决定于大夫，传到五代，很少还能继续的；若是大夫的家臣把持国家政权，传到三代很少还能继续的。天下太平，国家的最高政治权力就不会掌握在大夫之手。天下太平，老百姓就不会议论纷纷。”

【英译】Confucius said, "When good government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the son of Heaven. When bad government prevails in the empire, ceremonies, music, and punitive military expeditions proceed from the princes. When these things proceed from the princes, as a rule, the cases will be few in which they do not lose their power in ten generations. When they proceed from the great officers of the princes, as a rule, the case will be few in which they do not lose their power in five generations. When the subsidiary ministers of the great officers hold in their grasp the orders of the state, as a rule the cases will be few in which they do not lose their power in three generations. When right principles prevail in the kingdom, government will not be in the hands of the great officers. When right principles prevail in the kingdom, there will be no discussions among the common people."

16.3孔子曰：“禄之去公室五世⑴矣，政逮于大夫四世⑴矣，故夫三桓⑵之子孙微矣。”

【译文】孔子说：“国家政权离开了鲁君，［从鲁君来说，］已经五代了；政权到了大夫之手，［从季氏来说，］已经四代了，所以桓公的三房子孙现在也衰微了。”

【英译】Confucius said, "The revenue of the state has left the ducal house now for five generations. The government has been in the hands of the great officers for four generations. On this account, the descendants of the three Huan are much reduced."

16.4孔子曰：“益者三友，损者三友。友直，友谅⑴，友多闻，益矣。友便辟，友善柔，友便佞，损矣。”

【译文】孔子说：“有益的朋友三种，有害的朋友三种。同正直的人交友，同信实的人交友，同见闻广博的人交友，便有益了。同谄媚奉承的人交友，同当面恭维背面毁谤的人交友，同夸夸其谈的人交友，便有害了。”

【英译】Confucius said, "There are three friendships which are advantageous, and three which are injurious. Friendship with the uplight; friendship with the sincere; and friendship with the man of much observation - these are advantageous. Friendship with the man of specious airs; friendship with the insinuatingly soft; and friendship with the glib-tongued - these are injurious."

16.5孔子曰：“益者三乐，损者三乐。乐节礼乐，乐道人之善，乐多贤友，益矣。乐骄乐，乐佚游，乐晏乐，损矣。”

【译文】孔子说：“有益的快乐三种，有害的快乐三种。以得到礼乐的调节为快乐，以宣扬别人的好处为快乐，以交了不少有益的朋友为快乐，便有益了。以骄傲为快乐，以游荡忘返为快乐，以饮食荒淫为快乐，便有害了。”

【英译】Confucius said, "There are three things men find enjoyment in which are advantageous, and three things they find enjoyment in which are injurious. To find enjoyment in the discriminating study of ceremonies and music; to find enjoyment in speaking of the goodness of others; to find enjoyment in having many worthy friends - these are advantageous. To find enjoyment in extravagant pleasures; to find enjoyment in idleness and sauntering; to find enjoyment in the pleasures of feasting - these are injurious."

16.6孔子曰：“侍于君子有三愆：言未及之而言谓之躁，言及之而不言谓之隐，未见颜色而言谓之瞽。”

【译文】孔子说：“陪着君子说话容易犯三种过失：没轮到他说话，却先说，叫做急躁；该说话了，却不说，叫做隐瞒；不看看君子的脸色便贸然开口，叫做瞎眼睛。”

【英译】Confucius said, "There are three errors to which they who stand in the presence of a man of virtue and station are liable. They may speak when it does not come to them to speak - this is called rashness. They may not speak when it comes to them to speak - this is called concealment. They may speak without looking at the countenance of their superior - this is called blindness."

16.7孔子曰：“君子有三戒：少之时，血气未定，戒之在色；及其壮也，血气方刚，戒之在鬬；及其老也，血气既衰，戒之在得⑴。”

【译文】孔子说：“君子有三件事情应该警惕戒备：年轻的时候，血气未定，便要警戒，莫迷恋女色；等到壮大了，血气正旺盛，便要警戒，莫好胜喜鬬；等到年老了，血气已经衰弱，便要警戒，莫贪求无厌。”

【英译】Confucius said, "There are three things which the superior man guards against. In youth, when the physical powers are not yet settled, he guards against lust. When he is strong and the physical powers are full of vigor, he guards against quarrelsomeness. When he is old, and the animal powers are decayed, he guards against covetousness."

16.8孔子曰：“君子有三畏：畏天命，畏大人⑴，畏圣人之言。小人不知天命而不畏也，狎大人，侮圣人之言。”

【译文】孔子说：“君子害怕的有三件事：怕天命，怕王公大人，怕圣人的言语。小人不懂得天命，因而不怕它；轻视王公大人，轻侮圣人的言语。”

【英译】Confucius said, "There are three things of which the superior man stands in awe. He stands in awe of the ordinances of Heaven. He stands in awe of great men. He stands in awe of the words of sages. The mean man does not know the ordinances of Heaven, and consequently does not stand in awe of them. He is disrespectful to great men. He makes sport of the words of sages."

16.9孔子曰：“生而知之者上也，学而知之者次也；困而学之，又其次也；困而不学，民斯为下矣。”

【译文】孔子说：“生来就知道的是上等，学习然后知道的是次一等；实践中遇见困难，再去学它，又是再次一等；遇见困难而不学，老百姓就是这种最下等的了。”

【英译】Confucius said, "Those who are born with the possession of knowledge are the highest class of men. Those who learn, and so, readily, get possession of knowledge, are the next. Those who are dull and stupid, and yet compass the learning, are another class next to these. As to those who are dull and stupid and yet do not learn - they are the lowest of the people."

16.10孔子曰：“君子有九思：视思明，听思聪，色思温，貌思恭，言思忠，事思敬，疑思问，忿思难，见得思义。”

【译文】孔子说：“君子有九种考虑：看的时候，考虑看明白了没有；听的时候，考虑听清楚了没有；脸上的颜色，考虑温和么；容貌态度，考虑庄矜么；说的言语，考虑忠诚老实么；对待工作，考虑严肃认真么；遇到疑问，考虑怎样向人家请教；将发怒了，考虑有什么后患；看见可得的，考虑我是否应该得。”

【英译】Confucius said, "The superior man has nine things which are subjects with him of thoughtful consideration. In regard to the use of his eyes, he is anxious to see clearly. In regard to the use of his ears, he is anxious to hear distinctly. In regard to his countenance, he is anxious that it should be benign. In regard to his demeanor, he is anxious that it should be respectful. In regard to his speech, he is anxious that it should be sincere. In regard to his doing of business, he is anxious that it should be reverently careful. In regard to what he doubts about, he is anxious to question others. When he is angry, he thinks of the difficulties (his anger may involve him in). When he sees gain to be got, he thinks of righteousness."

16.11孔子曰：“见善如不及，见不善如探汤。吾见其人矣，吾闻其语矣。隐居以求其志，行义以达其道。吾闻其语矣，未见其人也。”

【译文】孔子说：“看见善良，努力追求，好像赶不上似的；遇见邪恶，使劲避开，好像将伸手到沸水里。我看见这样的人，也听过这样的话。避世隐居求保全他的意志，依义而行来贯彻他的主张。我听过这样的话，却没有见过这样的人。”

【英译】Confucius said, "Contemplating good, and pursuing it, as if they could not reach it; contemplating evil and shrinking from it, as they would from thrusting the hand into boiling water - I have seen such men, as I have heard such words. Living in retirement to study their aims, and practicing righteousness to carry out their principles - I have heard these words, but I have not seen such men."

16.12齐景公有马千驷⑴，死之日，民无德而称焉。伯夷、叔齐饿于首阳⑵之下，民到于今称之。其斯之谓与⑶？

【译文】齐景公有马四千匹，死了以后，谁都不觉得他有什么好行为可以称述。伯夷、叔齐两人饿死在首阳山下，大家到现在还称颂他。那就是这个意思吧！

【英译】The Duke Jing of Qi had a thousand teams, each of four horses, but on the day of his death, the people did not praise him for a single virtue. Bo Yi and Shu Qi died of hunger at the foot of the Shou Yang mountain, and the people, down to the present time, praise them. Is not that saying illustrated by this?

16.13陈亢⑴问于伯鱼曰：“子亦有异闻乎？”对曰：“未也。尝独立，鲤趋而过庭。曰：『学诗乎？』对曰：『未也。』『不学诗，无以言。』鲤退而学诗。他日，又独立，鲤趋而过庭。曰：『学礼乎？』对曰：『未也。』『不学礼，无以立。』鲤退而学礼。闻斯二者。”陈亢退而喜曰：“问一得三，闻诗，闻礼，又闻君子之远其子也。”

【译文】陈亢向孔子的儿子伯鱼问道：“您在老师那儿，也得着与众不同的传授吗？”答道：“没有。他曾经一个人站在庭中，我恭敬地走过。他问我道：『学诗没有？』我道：『没有。』他便道：『不学诗就不会说话。』我退回便学诗。过了几天，他又一个人站在庭中，我又恭敬地走过。他问道：『学礼没有？』我答：『没有。』他道：『不学礼，便没有立足社会的依据。』我退回便学礼。只听到这两件。”陈亢回去非常高兴地道：“我问一件事，知道了三件事。知道诗，知道礼，又知道君子对他儿子的态度。”

【英译】Chen Kang asked Bo Yu, saying, "Have you heard any lessons from your father different from what we have all heard?" Bo Yu replied, "No. He was standing alone once, when I passed below the hall with hasty steps, and said to me, 'Have you learned the Odes?' On my replying 'Not yet,' he added, 'If you do not learn the Odes, you will not be fit to converse with.' I retired and studied the Odes. Another day, he was in the same way standing alone, when I passed by below the hall with hasty steps, and said to me, 'Have you learned the rules of Propriety?' On my replying 'Not yet,' he added, 'If you do not learn the rules of Propriety, your character cannot be established.' I then retired, and learned the rules of Propriety. I have heard only these two things from him." Chen Kang retired, and, quite delighted, said, "I asked one thing, and I have got three things. I have heard about the Odes. I have heard about the rules of Propriety. I have also heard that the superior man maintains a distant reserve towards his son."

16.14邦君之妻，君称之曰夫人，夫人自称曰小童；邦人称之曰君夫人，称诸异邦曰寡小君；异邦人称之亦曰君夫人⑴。

【译文】国君的妻子，国君称她为夫人，她自称为小童；国内的人称她为君夫人，但对外国人便称她为寡小君；外国人称她也为君夫人。

【英译】The wife of the prince of a state is called by him "fu ren". She calls herself "xiao tong". The people of the state call her "jun fu ren", and, to the people of other states, they call her "gua xiao jun". The people of other states also call her "jun fu ren".