卫灵公篇 第十五

15.1卫灵公问陈⑴于孔子。孔子对曰：“俎豆⑵之事，则尝闻之矣；军旅之事，未之学也。”明日遂行。

【译文】卫灵公向孔子问军队陈列之法。孔子答道：“礼仪的事情，我曾经听到过；军队的事情，从来没学习过。”第二天便离开卫国。

【英译】The duke Ling of Wei asked Confucius about tactics. Confucius replied, "I have heard all about sacrificial vessels, but I have not learned military matters." On this, he took his departure the next day.

15.2在陈绝粮，从者病，莫能兴。子路愠见曰：“君子亦有穷乎？”子曰：“君子固穷，小人穷斯滥矣。”

【译文】孔子在陈国断绝了粮食，跟随的人都饿病了，爬不起床来。子路很不高兴地来见孔子，说道：“君子也有穷得毫无办法的时候吗？”孔子道：“君子虽然穷，还是坚持着；小人一穷便无所不为了。”

【英译】When he was in Chen, their provisions were exhausted, and his followers became so ill that they were unable to rise. Zi Lu, with evident dissatisfaction, said, "Has the superior man likewise to endure in this way?" The Master said, "The superior man may indeed have to endure want, but the mean man, when he is in want, gives way to unbridled license."

15.3子曰：“赐也，女以予为多学而识之者与？”对曰：“然，非与？”曰：“非也，予一以贯之⑴。”

【译文】孔子道：“赐！你以为我是多多地学习又能够记得住的吗？”子贡答道：“对呀，难道不是这样吗？”孔子道：“不是的，我有一个基本观念来贯串它。”

【英译】The Master said, "Ci, you think, I suppose, that I am one who learns many things and keeps them in memory?" Zi Gong replied, "Yes - but perhaps it is not so?" "No," was the answer; "I seek a unity all pervading."

15.4子曰：“由！知德者鲜矣。”

【译文】孔子对子路道：“由！懂得『德』的人可少啦。”

【英译】The Master said, "You, those who know virtue are few."

15.5子曰：“无为而治⑴者其舜也与？夫何为哉？恭己正南面而已矣。”

【译文】孔子说：“自己从容安静而使天下太平的人大概只有舜罢？他干了什么呢？庄严端正地坐朝廷罢了。”

【英译】The Master said, "May not Shun be instanced as having governed efficiently without exertion? What did he do? He did nothing but gravely and reverently occupy his royal seat."

15.6子张问行。子曰：“言忠信，行笃敬，虽蛮貊之邦，行矣。言不忠信，行不笃敬，虽州里，行乎哉？立则见其参于前也，在舆则见其倚于衡也，夫然后行。”子张书诸绅。

【译文】子张问如何才能使自己到处行得通。孔子道：“言语忠诚老实，行为忠厚严肃，纵到了别的部族国家，也行得通。言语欺诈无信，行为刻薄轻浮，就是在本乡本土，能行得通吗？站立的时候，就［彷佛］看见“忠诚老实忠厚严肃”几个字在我们面前；在车箱里，也［彷佛］看见它刻在前面的横木上；［时时刻刻记着它，］这才能使自己到处行得通。”子张把这些话写在大带上。

【英译】Zi Zhang asked how a man should conduct himself, so as to be everywhere appreciated. The Master said, "Let his words be sincere and truthful and his actions honorable and careful - such conduct may be practiced among the rude tribes of the South or the North. If his words be not sincere and truthful, and his actions not honorable and careful, will he, with such conduct, be appreciated, even in his neighborhood? When he is standing, let him see those two things, as it were, fronting him. When he is in a carriage, let him see them attached to the yoke. Then may he subsequently carry them into practice."Zi Zhang wrote these counsels on the end of his sash.

15.7子曰：“直哉史鱼⑴！邦有道，如矢；邦无道，如矢。君子哉蘧伯玉⑵！邦有道，则仕；邦无道，则可卷而怀之。”

【译文】孔子说：“好一个刚直不屈的史鱼！政治清明也像箭一样直，政治黑暗也像箭一样直。好一个君子蘧伯玉！政治清明就出来做官，政治黑暗就可以把自己的本领收藏起来。”

【英译】The Master said, "Truly straightforward was the historiographer Yu. When good government prevailed in his state, he was like an arrow. When bad government prevailed, he was like an arrow. A superior man indeed is Qu Bo Yu! When good government prevails in his state, he is to be found in office. When bad government prevails, he can roll his principles up, and keep them in his breast."

15.8子曰：“可与言而不与之言，失人；不可与言而与之言，失言。知者不失人，亦不失言。”

【译文】孔子说：“可以同他谈，却不同他谈，这是错过人才；不可以同他谈，却同他谈，这是浪费言语。聪明人既不错过人才，也不浪费言语。”

【英译】The Master said, "When a man may be spoken with, not to speak to him is to err in reference to the man. When a man may not be spoken with, to speak to him is to err in reference to our words. The wise err neither in regard to their man nor to their words."

15.9子曰：“志士仁人，无求生以害仁，有杀身以成仁。”

【译文】孔子说：“志士仁人，不贪生怕死因而损害仁德，只勇于牺牲来成全仁德。”

【英译】The Master said, "The determined scholar and the man of virtue will not seek to live at the expense of injuring their virtue. They will even sacrifice their lives to preserve their virtue complete."

15.10子贡问为仁。子曰：“工欲善其事，必先利其器。居是邦也，事其大夫之贤者，友其士⑴之仁者。”

【译文】子贡问怎样去培养仁德。孔子道：“工人要搞好他的工作，一定先要搞好他的工具。我们住在一个国家，就要敬奉那些大官中的贤人，结交那些士人中的仁人。”

【英译】Zi Gong asked about the practice of virtue. The Master said, "The mechanic, who wishes to do his work well, must first sharpen his tools. When you are living in any state, take service with the most worthy among its great officers, and make friends of the most virtuous among its scholars."

15.11颜渊问为邦。子曰：“行夏之时⑴，乘殷之辂⑵，服周之冕⑶，乐则韶、舞⑷。放郑声⑸，远佞人。郑声淫，佞人殆。”

【译文】颜渊问怎样去治理国家。孔子道：“用夏朝的历法，坐殷朝的车子，戴周朝的礼帽，音乐就用韶和武。舍弃郑国的乐曲，斥退小人。郑国的乐曲靡曼淫秽，小人危险。”

【英译】Yan Yuan asked how the government of a country should be administered. The Master said, "Follow the seasons of Xia. Ride in the state carriage of Yin. Wear the ceremonial cap of Zhou. Let the music be the Shao with its pantomimes. Banish the songs of Zheng, and keep far from specious talkers. The songs of Zheng are licentious; specious talkers are dangerous."

15.12子曰：“人无远虑，必有近忧。”

【译文】孔子说：“一个人没有长远的考虑，一定会有眼前的忧患。”

【英译】The Master said, "If a man take no thought about what is distant, he will find sorrow near at hand."

15.13子曰：“已矣乎！吾未见好德如好色⑴者也。”

【译文】孔子说：“完了吧！我从没见过像喜欢美貌一般地喜欢美德的人哩。”

【英译】The Master said, "It is all over! I have not seen one who loves virtue as he loves beauty."

15.14子曰：“藏文仲⑴其窃位者与！知柳下惠⑵之贤而不与立⑶也。”

【译文】孔子说：“臧文仲大概是个做官不管事的人，他明知柳下惠贤良，却不给他官位。”

【英译】The Master said, "Was not Zang Wen like one who had stolen his situation? He knew the virtue and the talents of Hui of Liu Xia, and yet did not procure that he should stand with him in court."

15.15子曰：“躬自厚⑴而薄责于人，则远怨矣。”

【译文】孔子说：“多责备自己，而少责备别人，怨恨自然不会来了。”

【英译】The Master said, "He who requires much from himself and little from others, will keep himself from being the object of resentment."

15.16子曰：“不曰『如之何⑴，如之何』者，吾末如之何也已矣。”

【译文】孔子说：“［一个人］不想想『怎么办，怎么办』的，对这种人，我也不知道怎么办了。”

【英译】The Master said, "When a man is not in the habit of saying, 'What shall I think of this? What shall I think of this?' I can indeed do nothing with him!"

15.17子曰：“羣居终日，言不及义，好行小慧，难矣哉！”

【译文】孔子说：“同大家整天在一块，不说一句有道理的话，只喜欢卖弄小聪明，这种人真难教导！”

【英译】The Master said, "When a number of people are together, for a whole day, without their conversation turning on righteousness, and when they are fond of carrying out the suggestions of a small shrewdness; theirs is indeed a hard case."

15.18子曰：“君子义以为质，礼以行之，孙以出之⑴，信以成之。君子哉！”

【译文】孔子说：“君子［对于事业］，以合宜为原则，依礼节实行它，用谦逊的言语说出它，用诚实的态度完成它。真个是位君子呀！”

【英译】The Master said, "The superior man in everything considers righteousness to be essential. He performs it according to the rules of propriety. He brings it forth in humility. He completes it with sincerity. This is indeed a superior man."

15.19子曰：“君子病无能焉，不病人之不己知也。”

【译文】孔子说：“君子只惭愧自己没有能力，不怨恨别人不知道自己。”

【英译】The Master said, "The superior man is distressed by his want of ability. He is not distressed by men's not knowing him."

15.20子曰：“君子疾没世而名不称焉。”

【译文】孔子说：“到死而名声不被人家称述，君子引以为恨。”

【英译】The Master said, "The superior man dislikes the thought of his name not being mentioned after his death."

15.21子曰：“君子求诸己，小人求诸人。”

【译文】孔子说：“君子要求自己，小人要求别人。”

【英译】The Master said, "What the superior man seeks, is in himself. What the mean man seeks, is in others."

15.22子曰：“君子矜而不争，羣而不党⑴。”

【译文】孔子说：“君子庄矜而不争执，合羣而不闹宗派。”

【英译】The Master said, "The superior man is dignified, but does not wrangle. He is sociable, but not a partisan."

15.23子曰：“君子不以言举人，不以人废言。”

【译文】孔子说：“君子不因为人家一句话［说得好］便提拔他，不因为他是坏人而鄙弃他的好话。”

【英译】The Master said, "The superior man does not promote a man simply on account of his words, nor does he put aside good words because of the man."

15.24子贡问曰：“有一言而可以终身行之者乎？”子曰：“其恕⑴乎！己所不欲，勿施于人。”

【译文】子贡问道：“有没有一句可以终身奉行的话呢？”孔子道：“大概是『恕』罢！自己所不想要的任何事物，就不要加给别人。”

【英译】Zi Gong asked, saying, "Is there one word which may serve as a rule of practice for all one's life?" The Master said, "Is not RECIPROCITY such a word? What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others."

15.25子曰：“吾之于人也，谁毁谁誉？如有所誉者，其有所试矣。斯民也，三代之所以直道而行也。”

【译文】孔子说：“我对于别人，诋毁了谁？称赞了谁？假若我有所称赞，必然是曾经考验过他的。夏、商、周三代的人都如此，所以三代能直道而行。”

【英译】The Master said, "In my dealings with men, whose evil do I blame, whose goodness do I praise, beyond what is proper? If I do sometimes exceed in praise, there must be ground for it in my examination of the individual. This people supplied the ground why the three dynasties pursued the path of straightforwardness."

15.26子曰：“吾犹及史之阙文也。有马者借人乘之，今亡矣夫！”

【译文】孔子说：“我还能够看到史书存疑的地方。有马的人［自己不会训练，］先给别人使用，这种精神，今天也没有了罢，”

【英译】The Master said, "Even in my early days, a historiographer would leave a blank in his text, and he who had a horse would lend him to another to ride. Now, alas! there are no such things."

15.27子曰：“巧言乱德。小不忍⑴，则乱大谋。”

【译文】孔子说：“花言巧语足以败坏道德。小事情不忍耐，便会败坏大事情。”

【英译】The Master said, "Specious words confound virtue. Want of forbearance in small matters confounds great plans."

15.28子曰：“众恶之，必察焉⑴；众好之，必察焉。”

【译文】孔子说：“大家厌恶他，一定要去考察；大家喜爱他，也一定要去考察。”

【英译】The Master said, "When the multitude hate a man, it is necessary to examine into the case. When the multitude like a man, it is necessary to examine into the case."

15.29子曰：“人能弘道，非道弘人⑴。”

【译文】孔子说：“人能够把道廓大，不是用道来廓大人。”

【英译】The Master said, "A man can enlarge the principles which he follows; those principles do not enlarge the man."

15.30子曰：“过而不改，是谓过矣⑴。”

【译文】孔子说：“有错误而不改正，那个错误便真叫做错误了。”

【英译】The Master said, "To have faults and not to reform them - this, indeed, should be pronounced having faults."

15.31子曰：“吾尝终日不食，终夜不寝，以思，无益，不如学也。”

【译文】孔子说：“我曾经整天不吃，整晚不睡，去想，没有益处，不如去学习。”

【英译】The Master said, "I have been the whole day without eating, and the whole night without sleeping; occupied with thinking. It was of no use. The better plan is to learn."

15.32子曰：“君子谋道不谋食。耕也，馁在其中矣；学也，禄在其中⑴矣。君子忧道不忧贫。”

【译文】孔子说：“君子用心力于学术，不用心力于衣食。耕田，也常常饿着肚皮；学习，常常得到俸禄。君子只着急得不到道，不着急得不到财。”

【英译】The Master said, "The object of the superior man is truth. Food is not his object. There is plowing - even in that there is sometimes want. So with learning - emolument may be found in it. The superior man is anxious lest he should not get truth; he is not anxious lest poverty should come upon him."

15.33子曰：“知及之⑴，仁不能守之；虽得之，必失之。知及之，仁能守之。不庄以莅之，则民不敬。知及之，仁能守之，庄以莅之，动之不以礼，未善也。”

【译文】孔子说：“聪明才智足以得到它，仁德不能保持它；就是得到，一定会丧失。聪明才智足以得到它，仁德能保持它，不用严肃态度来治理百姓，百姓也不会认真［地生活和工作］。聪明才智足以得到它，仁德能保持它，能用严肃的态度来治理百姓，假若不合理合法地动员百姓，是不够好的。”

【英译】The Master said, "When a man's knowledge is sufficient to attain, and his virtue is not sufficient to enable him to hold, whatever he may have gained, he will lose again. When his knowledge is sufficient to attain, and he has virtue enough to hold fast, if he cannot govern with dignity, the people will not respect him. When his knowledge is sufficient to attain, and he has virtue enough to hold fast; when he governs also with dignity, yet if he try to move the people contrary to the rules of propriety - full excellence is not reached."

15.34子曰：“君子不可小知而可大受也，小人不可大受而可小知也。”

【译文】孔子道：“君子不可以用小事情考验他，却可以接受重大任务；小人不可以接受重大任务，却可以用小事情考验他。”

【英译】The Master said, "The superior man cannot be known in little matters; but he may be intrusted with great concerns. The small man may not be intrusted with great concerns, but he may be known in little matters."

15.35子曰：“民之于仁也，甚于水火⑴。水火，吾见蹈而死者矣，未见蹈仁而死者也。”

【译文】孔子说：“百姓需要仁德，更急于需要水火。往水火里去，我看见因而死了的，却从没有看见践履仁德因而死了的。”

【英译】The Master said, "Virtue is more to man than either water or fire. I have seen men die from treading on water and fire, but I have never seen a man die from treading the course of virtue."

15.36子曰：“当仁，不让于师。”

【译文】孔子说：“面临着仁德，就是老师，也不同他谦让。”

【英译】The Master said, "Let every man consider virtue as what devolves on himself. He may not yield the performance of it even to his teacher."

15.37子曰：“君子贞⑴而不谅⑵。”

【译文】孔子说：“君子讲大信，却不讲小信。”

【英译】The Master said, "The superior man is correctly firm, and not firm merely."

15.38子曰：“事君，敬其事而后其食⑴。”

【译文】孔子说：“对待君上，认真工作，把拿俸禄的事放在后面。”

【英译】The Master said, "A minister, in serving his prince, reverently discharges his duties, and makes his emolument a secondary consideration."

15.39子曰：“有教无类⑴。”

【译文】孔子说：“人人我都教育，没有［贫富、地域等等］区别。”

【英译】The Master said, "In teaching there should be no distinction of classes."

15.40子曰：“道不同，不相为谋。”

【译文】孔子说：“主张不同，不互相商议。”

【英译】The Master said, "Those whose courses are different cannot lay plans for one another."

15.41子曰：“辞达⑴而已矣。”

【译文】孔子说：“言辞，足以达意便罢了。”

【英译】The Master said, "In language it is simply required that it convey the meaning."

15.42师冕⑴见，及阶，子曰：“阶也。”及席，子曰：“席也。”皆坐，子告之曰：“某在斯，某在斯。”师冕出。子张问曰：“与师言之道与？”子曰：“然；固相师之道也。”

【译文】师冕来见孔子，走到阶沿，孔子道：“这是阶沿啦。”走到坐席旁，孔子道：“这是坐席啦。”都坐定了，孔子告诉他说：“某人在这里，某人在这里。”师冕辞了出来。子张问道：“这是同瞎子讲话的方式吗？”孔子道：“对的；这本来是帮助瞎子的方式。”

【英译】The music master, Mian, having called upon him, when they came to the steps, the Master said, "Here are the steps." When they came to the mat for the guest to sit upon, he said, "Here is the mat." When all were seated, the Master informed him, saying, "So and so is here; so and so is here." The music master, Mian, having gone out, Zi Zhang asked, saying. "Is it the rule to tell those things to the music master?" The Master said, "Yes. This is certainly the rule for those who lead the blind."