宪问篇第十四

宪问篇第十四第1节

14.1宪问耻。子曰：“邦有道，谷；邦无道，谷，耻也。”“克、伐、怨、欲不行焉，可以为仁矣？⑴”子曰：“可以为难矣，仁则吾不知也。”

【译文】原宪问如何叫耻辱。孔子道：“国家政治清明，做官领薪俸；国家政治黑暗，做官领薪俸，这就是耻辱。”原宪又道：“好胜、自夸、怨恨和贪心四种毛病都不曾表现过，这可以说是仁人了吗？”孔子道：“可以说是难能可贵的了，若说是仁人，那我不能同意。”

【英译】Xian asked what was shameful. The Master said, "When good government prevails in a state, to be thinking only of salary; and, when bad government prevails, to be thinking, in the same way, only of salary - this is shameful." "When the love of superiority, boasting, resentments, and covetousness are repressed, this may be deemed perfect virtue." The Master said, "This may be regarded as the achievement of what is difficult. But I do not know that it is to be deemed perfect virtue."

【注释】

⑴可以为仁矣——这句话从形式上看应是肯定句，但从上下文看，实际应是疑问句，不过疑问只从说话者的语势来表示，不藉助于别的表达形式而已。这一段可以和“邦有道，贫且贱焉，耻也；邦无道，富且贵焉，耻也。”（8.13）呼应。

宪问篇第十四第2节

14.2子曰：“士而怀居⑴，不足以为士矣。”

【译文】孔子说：“读书人而留恋安逸，便不配做读书人了。”

【英译】The Master said, "The scholar who cherishes the love of comfort is not fit to be deemed a scholar."

【注释】

⑴怀居——怀，怀思，留恋；居，安居。《左传》僖公二十三年记载着晋文公的流亡故事，说他在齐国安居下来，有妻妾，有家财，便不肯再移动了。他老婆姜氏便对他说：“行也！怀与安，实败名。”便和此意相近。

宪问篇第十四第3节

14.3子曰：“邦有道，危⑴言危行；邦无道，危行言孙⑵。”

【译文】孔子说：“政治清明，言语正直，行为正直；政治黑暗，行为正直，言语谦顺。”

【英译】The Master said, "When good government prevails in a state, language may be lofty and bold, and actions the same. When bad government prevails, the actions may be lofty and bold, but the language may be with some reserve."

【注释】

⑴危——《礼记·缁衣》注：“危，高峻也。”意谓高于俗，朱熹《集注》用之，固然可通。但《广雅》云：“危，正也。”王念孙《疏证》卽引《论语》此文来作证，更为恰当，译文卽用此解。 ⑵孙——同逊。

宪问篇第十四第4节

14.4子曰：“有德者必有言，有言者不必有德。仁者必有勇，勇者不必有仁。”

【译文】孔子说：“有道德的人一定有名言，但有名言的人不一定有道德。仁人一定勇敢，但勇敢的人不一定仁。”

【英译】The Master said, "The virtuous will be sure to speak correctly, but those whose speech is good may not always be virtuous. Men of principle are sure to be bold, but those who are bold may not always be men of principle."

宪问篇第十四第5节

14.5南宫适⑴问于孔子曰：“羿⑵善射，奡⑶荡舟⑷，俱不得其死然。禹稷躬稼而有天下。”夫子不答。南宫适出，子曰：“君子哉若人！尚德哉若人⑸！”

【译文】南宫适向孔子问道：“羿擅长射箭，奡擅长水战，都没有得到好死。禹和稷自己下地种田，却得到了天下。［怎样解释这些历史？］”孔子没有答复。南宫适退了出来。孔子道：“这个人，好一个君子！这个人，多么尊尚道德！”

【英译】Nan Gong Kuo, submitting an inquiry to Confucius, said, "Yi was skillful at archery, and Ao could move a boat along upon the land, but neither of them died a natural death. Yu and Ji personally wrought at the toils of husbandry, and they became possessors of the kingdom." The Master made no reply; but when Nan Gong Kuo went out, he said, "A superior man indeed is this! An esteemer of virtue indeed is this!"

【注释】

⑴南宫适——孔子学生南容。 ⑵羿——音诣，yì。在古代传说中有三个羿，都是射箭能手。一为帝喾的射师，见于说文；二为唐尧时人，传说当时十个太阳同时出现，羿射落了九个，见《淮南子·本经训》；三为夏代有穷国的君主，见《左传》襄公四年。这里所指的和《孟子·离娄篇》所载的“逢蒙学射于羿”的羿，据说都是夏代的羿。 ⑶奡——音傲，aò。也是古代传说中的人物，夏代寒浞的儿子。字又作“浇”。 ⑷荡舟——顾炎武《日知録》云：“古人以左右冲杀为荡。陈其锐卒，谓之跳荡；别帅谓之荡主。荡舟盖兼此义。”译成现代汉语，就是用舟师冲锋陷阵。 ⑸君子……尚德哉若人——南宫适托古代的事来问孔子，中心思想是当今尚力不尚德，但按之历史，尚力者不得善终，尚德者终有天下。因之孔子称赞他。

宪问篇第十四第6节

14.6子曰：“君子⑴而不仁者有矣夫，未有小人⑴而仁者也。”

【译文】孔子说：“君子之中不仁的人有的罢，小人之中却不会有仁人。”

【英译】The Master said, "Superior men, and yet not always virtuous, there have been, alas! But there never has been a mean man, and, at the same time, virtuous."

【注释】

⑴君子，小人——这个“君子”“小人”的含义不大清楚。“君子”“小人”若指有德者无德者而言，则第二句可以不说；看来，这里似乎是指在位者和老百姓而言。

宪问篇第十四第7节

14.7子曰：“爱之，能勿劳乎⑴？忠焉，能勿诲乎？”

【译文】孔子说：“爱他，能不叫他劳苦吗？忠于他，能够不教诲他吗？”

【英译】The Master said, "Can there be love which does not lead to strictness with its object? Can there be loyalty which does not lead to the instruction of its object?"

【注释】

⑴能勿劳乎——《国语·鲁语下》说：“夫民劳则思，思则善心生；逸则淫，淫则忘善，忘善则恶心生。”可以为“能勿劳乎”的注脚。

宪问篇第十四第8节

14.8子曰：“为命⑴，裨谌⑵草创之，世叔⑶讨论⑷之，行人子羽⑸修饰之，东里子产⑹润色之。”

【译文】孔子说：“郑国外交辞令的创制，裨谌拟稿，世叔提意见，外交官子羽修改，子产作文词上的加工。”

【英译】The Master said, "In preparing the governmental notifications, Pi Shen first made the rough draft; Shi Shu examined and discussed its contents; Zi Yu, the manager of foreign intercourse, then polished the style; and, finally, Zi Chan of Dong Li gave it the proper elegance and finish."

【注释】

⑴为命——《左传》襄公三十一年云：“郑国将有诸侯之事，子产乃问四国之为于子羽，且使多为辞令，与裨谌乘以适野，使谋可否，而告冯简子使断之。事成，乃授子太叔使行之，以应对宾客，是以鲜有败事。”可与《论语》此文相参校。《左传》所讲的过程和《论语》此文虽然有些出入，但主题是相同的，因此我把“命”译为“外交辞令”，不作一般的政令讲。 ⑵裨谌——音庇臣，bìchén，郑国大夫，见《左传》。 ⑶世叔——卽《左传》的子太叔（古代，“太”和“世”两字通用），名游吉。 ⑷讨论——意义和今天的“讨论”不同，这是一个人去研究而后提意见的意思。 ⑸行人子羽——行人，官名，卽古代的外交官。子羽，公孙挥的字。⑹东里子产——东里，地名，今在郑州市，子产所居。

宪问篇第十四第9节

14.9或问子产。子曰：“惠人也。”问子西⑴。曰：“彼哉！彼哉⑵！”问管仲。曰：“人也。夺伯氏⑶骈邑⑷三百，饭疏食，没齿无怨言。”

【译文】有人向孔子问子产是怎样的人物。孔子道：“是宽厚慈惠的人。”又问到子西。孔子道：“他呀，他呀！”又问到管仲。孔子道：“他是人才。剥夺了伯氏骈邑三百户的采地，使伯氏只能吃粗粮，到死没有怨恨的话。”

【英译】Some one asked about Zi Chan. The Master said, "He was a kind man." He asked about Zi Xi. The Master said, "That man! That man!" He asked about Guan Zhong. "For him," said the Master, "the city of Pian, with three hundred families, was taken from the chief of the Bo family, who though to the end of his life he had only coarse rice to eat did not utter a murmuring word."

【注释】

⑴子西——春秋时有三个子西，一是郑国的公孙夏，生当鲁襄公之世，为子产的同宗兄弟，子产便是继他而主持郑国政治的。二是楚国的鬬宜申，生当鲁僖公、文公之世。三是楚国的公子申，和孔子同时。鬬宜申去孔子太远，公子申又太近，这人所问的当是公孙夏。 ⑵彼哉彼哉——《公羊传》定公八年记载阳虎谋杀季孙的事，说阳虎谋杀未成，在郊外休息，忽然望见公敛处父领着追兵而来，便道：“彼哉彼哉！”毛奇龄《论语稽求篇》因云：“此必古成语，而夫子引以作答者。”案：这是当时表示轻视的习惯语。 ⑶伯氏——齐国的大夫，皇侃《义疏》云：“伯氏名偃。”不知何据。 ⑷骈邑——地名。阮元曾得伯爵彝，说是乾隆五十六年出土于山东临朐县柳山寨。他在《积古斋锺鼎彝器款识》里说，柳山寨有古城的城基，卽春秋的骈邑。用《水经·巨洋水注》证之，阮氏之言很可信。

宪问篇第十四第10节

14.10子曰：“贫而无怨难，富而无骄易。”

【译文】孔子说：“贫穷却没有怨恨，很难；富贵却不骄傲，倒容易做到”

【英译】The Master said, "To be poor without murmuring is difficult. To be rich without being proud is easy."

宪问篇第十四第11节

14.11子曰：“孟公绰⑴为赵魏老⑵则优⑶，不可以为滕、薛⑷大夫。”

【译文】孔子说：“孟公绰，若是叫他做晋国诸卿赵氏、魏氏的家臣，那是力有余裕的；却没有才能来做滕、薛这样小国的大夫。”

【英译】The Master said, "Meng Gong Chuo is more than fit to be chief officer in the families of Zhao and Wei, but he is not fit to be great officer to either of the States Teng or Xue."

【注释】

⑴孟公绰——鲁国大夫，《左传》襄公二十五年记载着他的一段事。《史记·仲尼弟子列传》说他是孔子所尊敬的人。 ⑵老——古代，大夫的家臣称老，也称室老。 ⑶优——本意是“优裕”，所以用“力有余裕”来译它。 ⑷滕、薛——当时的小国，都在鲁国附近。滕的故城在今山东滕县西南十五里，薛的故城在今滕县南四十四里官桥公社处。

宪问篇第十四第12节

14.12子路问成人。子曰：“若臧武仲⑴之知，公绰之不欲，卞庄子⑵之勇，冉求之艺，文之以礼乐，亦可以为成人矣。”曰：“今之成人者何必然？见利思义，见危授命，久要⑶不忘平生之言，亦可以为成人矣。”

【译文】子路问怎样才是全人。孔子道：“智慧像臧武仲，清心寡欲像孟公绰，勇敢像卞庄子，多才多艺像冉求，再用礼乐来成就他的文采，也可以说是全人了。”等了一会，又道：“现在的全人哪里一定要这样？看见利益便能想起该得不该得，遇到危险便肯付出生命，经过长久的穷困日子都不忘记平日的诺言，也可以说是全人了。”

【英译】Zi Lu asked what constituted a COMPLETE man. The Master said, "Suppose a man with the knowledge of Zang Wu Zhong, the freedom from covetousness of Gong Chuo, the bravery of Zhuang of Bian, and the varied talents of Ran Qiu; add to these the accomplishments of the rules of propriety and music - such a one might be reckoned a COMPLETE man." He then added, "But what is the necessity for a complete man of the present day to have all these things? The man, who in the view of gain, thinks of righteousness; who in the view of danger is prepared to give up his life; and who does not forget an old agreement however far back it extends - such a man may be reckoned a COMPLETE man."

【注释】

⑴臧武仲——鲁大夫臧孙纥。他很聪明，逃到齐国之后，能预见齐庄公的被杀而设法辞去庄公给他的田。事见《左传》襄公二十三年。⑵卞庄子——鲁国的勇士。《荀子·大略篇》和《韩诗外传》卷十都载有他的勇敢故事。 ⑵久要——“要”为“约”的借字，“约”，穷困之意。说见杨遇夫先生的《积微居小学述林》。

宪问篇第十四第13节

14.13子问公叔文子⑴于公明贾⑵曰：“信乎，夫子不言，不笑，不取乎？”公明贾对曰：“以⑶告者过也。夫子时然后言，人不厌其言；乐然后笑，人不厌其笑；义然后取，人不厌其取。”子曰：“其然？岂其然乎？”

【译文】孔子向公明贾问到公叔文子，说：“他老人家不言语，不笑，不取，是真的吗？”公明贾答道：“这是传话的人说错了。他老人家到应说话的时候才说话，别人不厌恶他的话；高兴了才笑，别人不厌恶他的笑；应该取才取，别人不厌恶他的取。”孔子道：“如此的吗？难道真是如此的吗？”

【英译】The Master asked Gong Ming Jia about Gong Ming Wen, saying, "Is it true that your master speaks not, laughs not, and takes not?" Gong Ming Jia replied, "This has arisen from the reporters going beyond the truth. My master speaks when it is the time to speak, and so men do not get tired of his speaking. He laughs when there is occasion to be joyful, and so men do not get tired of his laughing. He takes when it is consistent with righteousness to do so, and so men do not get tired of his taking." The Master said, "So! But is it so with him?"

【注释】

⑴公叔文子——卫国大夫，《檀弓》载有他的故事。 ⑵公明贾——卫人，姓公明，名贾。贾音假，jiǎ。《左传》哀公十四年楚有蔿贾也音假。 ⑶以——代词，此也。例证可参考杨遇夫先生的《词诠》。

宪问篇第十四第14节

14.14子曰：“臧武仲以防求为后于鲁⑴，虽曰不要⑵君，吾不信也。”

【译文】孔子说：“臧武仲［逃到齐国之前，］凭借着他的采邑防城请求立其子弟嗣为鲁国卿大夫，纵然有人说他不是要挟，我是不相信的。”

【英译】The Master said, "Zang Wu Zhong, keeping possession of Fang, asked of the duke of Lu to appoint a successor to him in his family. Although it may be said that he was not using force with his sovereign, I believe he was."

【注释】

⑴臧武仲以防求为后于鲁——事见《左传》襄公二十三年。防，臧武仲的封邑，在今山东费县东北六十里之华城，离齐国边境很近。⑵要——平声，音腰，yāo。

宪问篇第十四第15节

14.15子曰：“晋文公⑴谲⑵而不正，齐桓公⑴正而不谲。”

【译文】孔子说：“晋文公诡诈好耍手段，作风不正派；齐桓公作风正派，不用诡诈，不耍手段。”

【英译】The Master said, "The duke Wen of Jin was crafty and not upright. The duke Huan of Qi was upright and not crafty."

【注释】

⑴晋文公、齐桓公——晋文公名重耳，齐桓公名小白。齐桓、晋文是春秋时五霸中最有名声的两个霸主。 ⑵谲——音决，jué，欺诈，玩弄权术阴谋。

宪问篇第十四第16节

14.16子路曰：“桓公杀公子纠，召忽死之，管仲不死⑴。”曰：“未仁乎？”子曰：“桓公九合⑵诸侯，不以兵车，管仲之力也。如其仁，如其仁⑶。”

【译文】子路道：“齐桓公杀了他哥哥公子纠，［公子纠的师傅］召忽因此自杀，［但是他的另一师傅］管仲却活着。”接着又道：“管仲该不是有仁德的罢？”孔子道：“齐桓公多次地主持诸侯间的盟会，停止了战争，都是管仲的力量。这就是管仲的仁德，这就是管仲的仁德。”

【英译】Zi Lu said, "The duke Huan caused his brother Jiu to be killed, when Shao Hu died with his master, but Guan Zhong did not die. May not I say that he was wanting in virtue?" The Master said, "The Duke Huan assembled all the princes together, and that not with weapons of war and chariots - it was all through the influence of Guan Zhong. Whose beneficence was like his? Whose beneficence was like his?"

【注释】

⑴管仲不死——齐桓公和公子纠都是齐襄公的弟弟。齐襄公无道，两人都怕牵累，桓公便由鲍叔牙侍奉逃往莒国，公子纠也由管仲和召忽侍奉逃往鲁国。襄公被杀以后，桓公先入齐国，立为君，便兴兵伐鲁，逼迫鲁国杀了公子纠，召忽自杀以殉，管仲却做了桓公的宰相。这段历史可看《左传》庄公八年和九年。 ⑵九合——齐桓公纠合诸侯共计十一次。这一“九”字实是虚数，不过表示其多罢了。 ⑶如其仁——王引之《经传释词》云：“如犹乃也。”扬雄《法言》三次仿用这种句法，义同。

宪问篇第十四第17节

14.17子贡曰：“管仲非仁者与？桓公杀公子纠，不能死，又相之。”子曰：“管仲相桓公，霸诸侯，一匡天下，民到于今受其赐。微⑴管仲，吾其被⑵发左衽矣。岂若匹夫匹妇之为谅也，自经⑶于沟渎⑷而莫之知也？”

【译文】子贡道：“管仲不是仁人罢？桓公杀掉了公子纠，他不但不以身殉难，还去辅相他。”孔子道：“管仲辅相桓公，称霸诸侯，使天下一切得到匡正，人民到今天还受到他的好处。假若没有管仲，我们都会披散着头发，衣襟向左边开，［沦为落后民族］了。他难道要像普通老百姓一样守着小节小信，在山沟中自杀，还没有人知道的吗？”

【英译】Zi Gong said, "Guan Zhong, I apprehend, was wanting in virtue. When the Duke Huan caused his brother Jiu to be killed, Guan Zhong was not able to die with him. Moreover, he became prime minister to Huan." The Master said, "Guan Zhong acted as prime minister to the duke Huan, made him leader of all the princes, and united and rectified the whole kingdom. Down to the present day, the people enjoy the gifts which he conferred. But for Guan Zhong, we should now be wearing our hair unbound, and the lappets of our coats buttoning on the left side. Will you require from him the small fidelity of common men and common women, who would commit suicide in a stream or ditch, no one knowing anything about them?"

【注释】

⑴微——假若没有的意思，只用于和既成事实相反的假设句之首。 ⑵被——同“披”。 ⑶自经——自缢。 ⑷沟渎——犹《孟子·梁惠王》的“沟壑”。王夫之《四书稗疏》认为它是地名，就是《左传》的“句渎”，《史记》的“笙渎”，那么，孔子的匹夫匹妇就是指召忽而言，恐不可信。

宪问篇第十四第18节

14.18公叔文子之臣大夫⑴僎与文子同升诸⑵公。子闻之，曰：“可以为『文』⑶矣。”

【译文】公叔文子的家臣大夫僎，［由于文子的推荐，］和文子一道做了国家的大臣。孔子知道这事，便道：“这便可以谥为『文』了。”

【英译】The great officer, Xian, who had been family minister to Gong Ming Wen, ascended to the prince's court in company with Wen. The Master, having heard of it, said, "He deserved to be considered WEN (the accomplished)."

【注释】

⑴毛奇龄《四书剩言》云：“臣大夫卽家大夫也。”把“臣大夫”三字不分，今不取。《后汉书·吴良传》李贤注说：“文子家臣名僎”云云，也可见唐初人不以“臣大夫”为一词。 ⑵诸——用法同“于”。 ⑶据《礼记·檀弓》，公叔文子实谥为贞惠文子。郑玄《礼记》注说：“不言『贞惠』者？『文』足以兼之。”

宪问篇第十四第19节

14.19子言卫灵公之无道也，康子曰：“夫如是，奚而⑴不丧？”孔子曰：“仲叔圉⑵治宾客，祝鮀治宗庙，王孙贾治军旅。夫如是，奚其丧？”

【译文】孔子讲到卫灵公的昏乱，康子道：“既然这样，为什么不败亡？”孔子道：“他有仲叔圉接待宾客，祝鮀管理祭祀，王孙贾统率军队，像这样，怎么会败亡？”

【英译】The Master was speaking about the unprincipled course of the duke Ling of Wei, when Qi Kang said, "Since he is of such a character, how is it he does not lose his state?" Confucius said, "The Zhong Shu Yu has the superintendence of his guests and of strangers; the litanist, Tuo, has the management of his ancestral temple; and Wang Sun Jia has the direction of the army and forces - with such officers as these, how should he lose his state?"

【注释】

⑴奚而——俞樾《羣经平议》云：“奚而犹奚为也。” ⑵仲叔圉——就是孔文子。

宪问篇第十四第20节

14.20子曰：“其言之不怍，则为之也难。”

【译文】孔子说：“那个人大言不惭，他实行就不容易。”

【英译】The Master said, "He who speaks without modesty will find it difficult to make his words good."

宪问篇第十四第21节

14.21陈成子⑴弑简公⑵。孔子沐浴而朝⑶，告于哀公曰：“陈恒弑其君，请讨之⑷。”公曰：“告夫三子！”孔子曰⑸：“以吾从大夫之后，不敢不告也。君曰『告夫三子』者！”之三子告，不可。孔子曰：“以吾从大夫之后，不敢不告也。”

【译文】陈恒杀了齐简公。孔子斋戒沐浴而后朝见鲁哀公，报告道：“陈恒杀了他的君主，请你出兵讨伐他。”哀公道：“你向季孙、仲孙、孟孙三人去报告罢！”孔子［退了出来］，道：“因为我曾忝为大夫，不敢不来报告，但是君上却对我说，『给那三人报告吧』！”孔子又去报告三位大臣，不肯出兵。孔子道：“因为我曾忝为大夫，不敢不报告。”

【英译】Chen Cheng murdered the duke Jian of Qi. Confucius bathed, went to court and informed the duke Ai, saying, "Chen Heng has slain his sovereign. I beg that you will undertake to punish him." The duke said, "Inform the chiefs of the three families of it." Confucius retired, and said, "Following in the rear of the great officers, I did not dare not to represent such a matter, and my prince says, 'Inform the chiefs of the three families of it.'" He went to the chiefs, and informed them, but they would not act. Confucius then said, "Following in the rear of the great officers, I did not dare not to represent such a matter."

【注释】

⑴陈成子——就是陈恒。 ⑵简公——齐简公，名壬。 ⑶孔子沐浴而朝——这时孔子已经告老还家，特为这事来朝见鲁君。 ⑷请讨之——孔子请讨陈恒，主要地由于陈恒以臣杀君，依孔子的学说，非讨不可。同时孔子也估计了战争的胜负。《左传》记载着孔子的话道：“陈恒弒其君，民之不与者半。以鲁之众加齐之半，可克也。”但这事仍可讨论。 ⑸孔子曰——这是孔子退朝后的话，参校《左传》哀公十四年的记载便可以知道。

宪问篇第十四第22节

14.22子路问事君。子曰：“勿欺也，而犯之。”

【译文】子路问怎样服侍人君。孔子道：“不要［阳奉阴违地］欺骗他，却可以［当面］触犯他。”

【英译】Zi Lu asked how a ruler should be served. The Master said, "Do not impose on him, and, moreover, withstand him to his face."

宪问篇第十四第23节

14.23子曰：“君子上达⑴，小人下达⑴。”

【译文】孔子说：“君子通达于仁义，小人通达于财利。”

【英译】The Master said, "The progress of the superior man is upwards; the progress of the mean man is downwards."

【注释】

⑴上达下达——古今学人各有解释，译文采取了皇侃《义疏》的说法。

宪问篇第十四第24节

14.24子曰：“古之学者为己⑴，今之学者为人⑴。”

【译文】孔子说：“古代学者的目的在修养自己的学问道德，现代学者的目的却在装饰自己，给别人看。”

【英译】The Master said, "In ancient times, men learned with a view to their own improvement. Nowadays, men learn with a view to the approbation of others."

【注释】

⑴为己为人——如何叫做“为己”和“为人”，译文采用了《荀子·劝学篇》、《北堂书钞》所引《新序》和《后汉书·桓荣传论》（俱见杨遇夫先生《论语疏证》）的解释。

宪问篇第十四第25节

14.25蘧伯玉⑴使人于孔子。孔子与之坐而问焉，曰：“夫子何为？”对曰：“夫子欲寡其过⑵而未能也。”使者出。子曰“使乎！使乎！”

【译文】蘧伯玉派一位使者访问孔子。孔子给他坐位，而后问道：“他老人家干些什么？”使者答道：“他老人家想减少过错却还没能做到。”使者辞了出来。孔子道：“好一位使者！好一位使者！”

【英译】Qu Bo sent a messenger with friendly inquiries to Confucius. Confucius sat with him, and questioned him. "What," said he! "is your master engaged in?" The messenger replied, "My master is anxious to make his faults few, but he has not yet succeeded." He then went out, and the Master said, "A messenger indeed! A messenger indeed!"

【注释】

⑴蘧伯玉——卫国的大夫，名瑗。孔子在卫国之时，曾经住过他家。 ⑵寡其过——《庄子·则阳篇》说：“蘧伯玉行年六十而六十化，未尝不始于是之，而卒诎之以非也；或未知今之所谓是之非五十九非也（六十之是或为五十九之非）。”《淮南子·原道篇》也说：“蘧伯玉年五十而知四十九年非。”大概这人是位求进甚急善于改过的人。使者之言既得其实，又不卑不亢，所以孔子连声称赞。

宪问篇第十四第26节

14.26子曰：“不在其位，不谋其政⑴。”曾子曰：“君子思不出其位。”

【译文】曾子说：“君子所思虑的不超出自己的工作岗位。”

【英译】The Master said, "He who is not in any particular office has nothing to do with plans for the administration of its duties." The philosopher Zeng said, "The superior man, in his thoughts, does not go out of his place."

【注释】

⑴见泰伯篇。（8.14）

宪问篇第十四第27节

14.27子曰：“君子耻其言而⑴过其行。”

【译文】孔子说：“说得多，做得少，君子以为耻。”

【英译】The Master said, "The superior man is modest in his speech, but exceeds in his actions."

【注释】

⑴而——用法同“之”，说详《词诠》。皇侃所据本，日本足利本，这一“而”字都作“之”。

宪问篇第十四第28节

14.28子曰：“君子道者三，我无能焉：仁者不忧，知者不惑，勇者不惧。”子贡曰：“夫子自道也。”

【译文】孔子说：“君子所行的三件事，我一件也没能做到：仁德的人不忧虑，智慧的人不迷惑，勇敢的人不惧怕。”子贡道：“这正是他老人家对自己的叙述哩。”

【英译】The Master said, "The way of the superior man is threefold, but I am not equal to it. Virtuous, he is free from anxieties; wise, he is free from perplexities; bold, he is free from fear." Zi Gong said, "Master, that is what you yourself say."

宪问篇第十四第29节

14.29子贡方人⑴。子曰：“赐也贤乎哉？夫我则不暇。”

【译文】子贡讥评别人。孔子对他道：“你就够好了吗？我却没有这闲工夫。”

【英译】Zi Gong was in the habit of comparing men together. The Master said, "Ci must have reached a high pitch of excellence! Now, I have not leisure for this."

【注释】

⑴方人——《经典释文》说，郑玄注的《论语》作“谤人”，又引郑注云“谓言人之遇恶”。因此译文译为“讥评”。《世说新语·容止篇》：“或以方谢仁祖不乃重者。”这“方”字作品评解，其用法可能出于此。

宪问篇第十四第30节

14.30子曰：“不患人之不己知，患其不能也。”

【译文】孔子说：“不着急别人不知道我，只着急自己没有能力。”

【英译】The Master said, "I will not be concerned at men's not knowing me; I will be concerned at my own want of ability."

宪问篇第十四第31节

14.31子曰：“不逆诈，不亿不信，抑亦先觉者，是贤乎！”

【译文】孔子说：“不预先怀疑别人的欺诈，也不无根据地猜测别人的不老实，却能及早发觉，这样的人是一位贤者罢！”

【英译】The Master said, "He who does not anticipate attempts to deceive him, nor think beforehand of his not being believed, and yet apprehends these things readily (when they occur) - is he not a man of superior worth?"

宪问篇第十四第32节

14.32微生亩⑴谓孔子曰：“丘何为是⑵栖栖者与？无乃为佞乎？”孔子曰：“非敢为佞也，疾固也。”

【译文】微生亩对孔子道：“你为什么这样忙忙碌碌的呢？不是要逞你的口才吗？”孔子道：“我不是敢逞口才，而是讨厌那种顽固不通的人。”

【英译】Wei Sheng Mu said to Confucius, "Qiu, how is it that you keep roosting about? Is it not that you are an insinuating talker? Confucius said, "I do not dare to play the part of such a talker, but I hate obstinacy."

【注释】

⑴微生亩——“微生是姓，“亩”是名。 ⑵是——这里作副词用，当“如此”解。

宪问篇第十四第33节

14.33子曰：“骥不称其力，称其德也。”

【译文】孔子说：“称千里马叫做骥，并不是赞美它的气力，而是赞美他的质量。”

【英译】The Master said, "A horse is called a Ji, not because of its strength, but because of its other good qualities."

宪问篇第十四第34节

14.34或曰：“以德报怨⑴，何如？”子曰：“何以报德？以直报怨，以德报德。”

【译文】有人对孔子道：“拿恩惠来回答怨恨，怎么样？”孔子道：“拿什么来酬答恩惠呢？拿公平正直来回答怨恨，拿恩惠来酬答恩惠。”

【英译】Some one said, "What do you say concerning the principle that injury should be recompensed with kindness?" The Master said, "With what then will you recompense kindness? Recompense injury with justice, and recompense kindness with kindness."

【注释】

⑴以德报怨——《老子》也说：“大小多少，报怨以德。”可能当日流行此语。

宪问篇第十四第35节

14.35子曰：“莫我知也夫！”子贡曰：“何为其莫知子也？”子曰：“不怨天，不尤人，下学而上达⑴。知我者其天乎！”

【译文】孔子叹道：“没有人知道我呀！”子贡道：“为什么没有人知道您呢？”孔子道：“不怨恨天，不责备人，学习一些平常的知识，却透澈了解很高的道理。知道我的，只是天罢！”

【英译】The Master said, "Alas! there is no one that knows me." Zi Gong said, "What do you mean by thus saying - that no one knows you?" The Master replied, "I do not murmur against Heaven. I do not grumble against men. My studies lie low, and my penetration rises high. But there is Heaven - that knows me!"

【注释】

⑴下学而上达——这句话具体的意义是什么，古今颇有不同解释，译文所言只能备参考。皇侃《义疏》云：“下学，学人事；上达，达天命。我既学人事，人事有否有泰，故不尤人。上达天命，天命有穷有通，故我不怨天也。”全部意思都贯通了，虽不敢说合于孔子本意，无妨録供参考。

宪问篇第十四第36节

14.36公伯寮⑴愬⑵子路于季孙。子服景伯⑶以告，曰：“夫子固有惑志于公伯寮，吾力犹能肆诸市朝⑷。”子曰：“道之将行也与，命也；道之将废也与，命也。公伯寮其如命何！”

【译文】公伯寮向季孙毁谤子路。子服景伯告诉孔子，并且说：“他老人家已经被公伯寮所迷惑了，可是我的力量还能把他的尸首在街头示众。”孔子道：“我的主张将实现吗，听之于命运；我的主张将永不实现吗，也听之于命运。公伯寮能把我的命运怎样呢！”

【英译】The Gong Bo Liao, having slandered Zi Lu to Ji Sun, Zi Fu Jing Bo informed Confucius of it, saying, "Our master is certainly being led astray by the Gong Bo Liao, but I have still power enough left to cut Liao off, and expose his corpse in the market and in the court." The Master said, "If my principles are to advance, it is so ordered. If they are to fall to the ground, it is so ordered. What can the Gong Bo Liao do where such ordering is concerned?"

【注释】

⑴公伯寮——《史记·仲尼弟子列传》作“公伯僚”云“字子周”。 ⑵愬——同“诉”。 ⑶子服景伯——鲁大夫，名何。⑷市朝——古人把罪人之尸示众，或者于朝廷，或者于市集。

宪问篇第十四第37节

14.37子曰：“贤者辟⑴世，其次辟地，其次辟色，其次辟言。”子曰：“作者七人矣。”

【译文】孔子说：“有些贤者逃避恶浊社会而隐居，次一等的择地而处，再次一等的避免不好的脸色，再次一等的迥避恶言。”孔子又说：“像这样的人已经有七位了。”

【英译】The Master said, "Some men of worth retire from the world. Some retire from particular states. Some retire because of disrespectful looks. Some retire because of contradictory language." The Master said, "Those who have done this are seven men."

【注释】

⑴辟——同“避”。

宪问篇第十四第38节

14.38子路宿于石门⑴。晨门曰：“奚自？”子路曰：“自孔氏。”曰：“是知其不可而为之者与？”

【译文】子路在石门住了一宵，［第二天清早进城，］司门者道：“从哪儿来？”子路道：“从孔家来。”司门者道：“就是那位知道做不到却定要去做的人吗？”

【英译】Zi Lu happening to pass the night in Shi Men, the gatekeeper said to him, "Whom do you come from?" Zi Lu said, "From Mr. Kong." "It is he, is it not?" said the other, "who knows the impracticable nature of the times and yet will be doing in them."

【注释】

⑴石门——《后汉书·张皓王龚传论》注引郑玄《论语注》云：“石门，鲁城外门也。”

宪问篇第十四第39节

14.39子击磬于卫，有荷蒉而过孔氏之门者，曰：“有心哉，击磬乎！”既而曰：“鄙哉，踁踁乎！莫己知也，斯己而已矣。深则厉，浅则揭⑴。”子曰：“果哉！末之难矣。”

【译文】孔子在卫国，一天正敲着磬，有一个挑着草筐子的汉子恰在门前走过，便说道：“这个敲磬是有深意的呀！”等一会又说道：“磬声踁踁的，可鄙呀，［它好像在说，没有人知道我呀！］没有人知道自己，这就罢休好了。水深，索性连衣裳走过去；水浅，无妨撩起衣裳走过去。”孔子道：“好坚决！没有办法说服他了。”

【英译】The Master was playing, one day, on a musical stone in Wei, when a man, carrying a straw basket, passed door of the house where Confucius was, and said, "His heart is full who so beats the musical stone." A little while after, he added, "How contemptible is the one-ideaed obstinacy those sounds display! When one is taken no notice of, he has simply at once to give over his wish for public employment. 'Deep water must be crossed with the clothes on; shallow water may be crossed with the clothes held up.'" The Master said, "How determined is he in his purpose! But this is not difficult!"

【注释】

⑴深厉浅揭——两句见于《诗经·邶风·匏有苦叶》。这是比喻。水深比喻社会非常黑暗，只得听之任之；水浅比喻黑暗的程度不深，还可以使自己不受沾染，便无妨撩起衣裳，免得濡湿。

宪问篇第十四第40节

14.40子张曰：“《书》云：『高宗谅阴⑴，三年不言。』何谓也？”子曰：“何必高宗，古之人皆然。君薨，百官总己以听于冢宰三年。”

【译文】子张道：“《尚书》说：『殷高宗守孝，住在凶庐，三年不言语。』这是什么意思？”孔子道：“不仅仅高宗，古人都是这样：国君死了，继承的君王三年不问政治，各部门的官员听命于宰相。”

【英译】Zi Zhang said, "When the Shu says that Gao Zong, while observing the usual imperial mourning, was for three years without speaking, what is meant by this?" The Master said, "Why must Gao Zong be referred to as an example of this? The ancients all did so. When the sovereign died, the officers all attended to their several duties, taking instructions from the prime minister for three years."

【注释】

⑴谅阴——居丧时所住的房子，又叫“凶庐”。两语见《无逸篇》。

宪问篇第十四第41节

14.41子曰：“上好礼，则民易使也。”

【译文】孔子说：“在上位的人若遇事依礼而行，就容易使百姓听从指挥。”

【英译】The Master said, "When rulers love to observe the rules of propriety, the people respond readily to the calls on them for service."

宪问篇第十四第42节

14.42子路问君子。子曰：“修己以敬。”曰：“如斯而已乎？”曰：“修己以安人⑴。”曰：“如斯而已乎？”曰：“修己以安百姓。修己以安百姓⑵，尧舜其犹病诸？”

【译文】子路问怎样才能算是一个君子。孔子道：“修养自己来严肃认真地对待工作。”子路道：“这样就够了吗？”孔子道：“修养自己来使上层人物安乐。”子路道：“这样就够了吗？”孔子道：“修养自己来使所有老百姓安乐。修养自己来使所有老百姓安乐，尧舜大概还没有完全做到哩！”

【英译】Zi Lu asked what constituted the superior man. The Master said, "The cultivation of himself in reverential carefulness." "And is this all?" said Zi Lu. "He cultivates himself so as to give rest to others," was the reply. "And is this all?" again asked Zi Lu. The Master said, "He cultivates himself so as to give rest to all the people. He cultivates himself so as to give rest to all the people - even Yao and Shun were still solicitous about this."

【注释】

⑴人——这个“人”字显然是狭义的“人”（参见1.5注四），没有把“百姓”包括在内。 ⑵修己以安百姓——雍也篇说：“博施于民……尧舜其犹病诸。”（6.30）这里说：“修己以安百姓，尧舜其犹病诸。”可见这里的“修己以安百姓”就是“博施于民”。

宪问篇第十四第43节

14.43原壤⑴夷俟⑵。子曰：“幼而不孙弟⑶，长而无述焉，老而不死，是为贼。”以杖叩其胫。

【译文】原壤两腿像八字一样张开坐在地上，等着孔子。孔子骂道：“你幼小时候不懂礼节，长大了毫无贡献，老了还白吃粮食，真是个害人精。”说完，用拐杖敲了敲他的小腿。

【英译】Yuan Rang was squatting on his heels, and so waited the approach of the Master, who said to him, "In youth not humble as befits a junior; in manhood, doing nothing worthy of being handed down; and living on to old age - this is to be a pest." With this he hit him on the shank with his staff.

【注释】

⑴原壤——孔子的老朋友，《礼记·檀弓》记载他一段故事，说他母亲死了，孔子去帮助他治丧，他却站在棺材上唱起歌来了，孔子也只好装做没听见。大概这人是一位另有主张而立意反对孔子的人。⑵夷俟——夷，箕踞；俟，等待。 ⑵孙弟——同逊悌。

宪问篇第十四第44节

14.44阙党⑴童子将命。或问之曰：“益者与？”子曰：“吾见其居于位⑵也。见其与先生并行⑶也。非求益者也，欲速成者也。”

【译文】阙党的一个童子来向孔子传达信息。有人问孔子道：“这小孩是肯求上进的人吗？孔子道：“我看见他[大模大样地]坐在位上，又看见他同长辈并肩而行。这不是个肯求上进的人，只是一个急于求成的人。”

【英译】A youth of the village of Que was employed by Confucius to carry the messages between him and his visitors. Some one asked about him, saying, "I suppose he has made great progress." The Master said, "I observe that he is fond of occupying the seat of a full-grown man; I observe that he walks shoulder to shoulder with his elders. He is not one who is seeking to make progress in learning. He wishes quickly to become a man."

【注释】

⑴阙党——顾炎武的《日知録》说：“《史记·鲁世家》『炀公筑茅阙门』，盖阙门之下，其里卽名阙里，夫子之宅在焉。亦谓之阙党。”案顾氏此说很对（阎若璩《四书释地》的驳论不对），《荀子·儒效篇》也有孔子“居于阙党”的记载，可见阙党为孔子所居之地名。 ⑵居于位——根据《礼记·玉藻》的记载，“童子无事则立主人之北，南面。”则“居于位”是不合当日礼节的。 ⑶与先生并行——《礼记·曲礼》上篇说：“五年以长，则肩随之”（“肩随”就是与之并行而稍后），而童子的年龄相差甚远，依当日礼节，不能和成人并行。