子路篇 第十三

13.1子路问政。子曰：“先之⑴劳之。”请益。曰：“无倦⑵。”

【译文】子路问政治。孔子道：“自己给百姓带头，然后让他们勤劳地工作。”子路请求多讲一点。孔子又道：“永远不要懈怠。”

【英译】Zi Lu asked about government. The Master said, "Go before the people with your example, and be laborious in their affairs." He requested further instruction, and was answered, "Be not weary (in these things)."

13.2仲弓为季氏宰，问政。子曰：“先有司，赦小过，举贤才。”曰：“焉知贤才而举之？”子曰：“举尔所知；尔所不知，人其舍诸？”

【译文】仲弓做了季氏的总管，向孔子问政治。孔子道：“给工作人员带头，不计较人家的小错误，提拔优秀人才。”仲弓道：“怎样去识别优秀人才把他们提拔出来呢？”孔子道：“提拔你所知道的；那些你所不知道的，别人难道会埋没他吗？”

【英译】Zhong Gong, being chief minister to the head of the Ji family, asked about government. The Master said, "Employ first the services of your various officers, pardon small faults, and raise to office men of virtue and talents." Zhong Gong said, "How shall I know the men of virtue and talent, so that I may raise them to office?" He was answered, "Raise to office those whom you know. As to those whom you do not know, will others neglect them?"

13.3子路曰：“卫君⑴待子而为政，子将奚先？”子曰：“必也正名⑵乎！”子路曰：“有是哉，子之迂也！奚其正？”子曰：“野哉，由也！君子于其所不知，盖阙如也。名不正，则言不顺；言不顺，则事不成；事不成，则礼乐不兴；礼乐不兴，则刑罚不中；刑罚不中，则民无所错⑶手足。故君子名之必可言也，言之必可行也。君子于其言，无所苟而已矣。”

【译文】子路对孔子说：“卫君等着您去治理国政，您准备首先干什么？”孔子道：“那一定是纠正名分上的用词不当罢！”子路道：“您的迂腐竟到如此地步吗！这又何必纠正？”孔子道：“你怎么这样卤莽！君子对于他所不懂的，大概采取保留态度，［你怎么能乱说呢？］用词不当，言语就不能顺理成章；言语不顺理成章，工作就不可能搞好；工作搞不好，国家的礼乐制度也就举办不起来；礼乐制度举办不起来，刑罚也就不会得当；刑罚不得当，百姓就会［惶惶不安，］连手脚都不晓得摆在哪里才好。所以君子用一个词，一定［有它一定的理由，］可以说得出来；而顺理成章的话也一定行得通。君子对于措词说话要没有一点马虎的地方才罢了。”

【英译】Zi Lu said, "The ruler of Wei has been waiting for you, in order with you to administer the government. What will you consider the first thing to be done?" The Master replied, "What is necessary is to rectify names." "So! indeed!" said Zi Lu. "You are wide of the mark! Why must there be such rectification?" The Master said, "How uncultivated you are, You! A superior man, in regard to what he does not know, shows a cautious reserve. If names be not correct, language is not in accordance with the truth of things. If language be not in accordance with the truth of things, affairs cannot be carried on to success. When affairs cannot be carried on to success, proprieties and music will not flourish. When proprieties and music do not flourish, punishments will not be properly awarded. When punishments are not properly awarded, the people do not know how to move hand or foot. Therefore a superior man considers it necessary that the names he uses may be spoken appropriately, and also that what he speaks may be carried out appropriately. What the superior man requires is just that in his words there may be nothing incorrect."

13.4樊迟请学稼。子曰：“吾不如老农。”请学为圃。曰：“吾不如老圃。”樊迟出。子曰：“小人哉，樊须也！上好礼，则民莫敢不敬；上好义，则民莫敢不服；上好信，则民莫敢不用情。夫如是，则四方之民襁负其子而至矣，焉用稼？”

【译文】樊迟请求学种庄稼。孔子道：“我不如老农民。”又请求学种菜蔬。孔子道：“我不如老菜农。” 樊迟退了出来。孔子道：“樊迟真是小人，统治者讲究礼节，百姓就没有人敢不尊敬；统治者行为正当，百姓就没有人敢不服从；统治者诚恳信实，百姓就没有人敢不说真话。做到这样，四方的百姓都会背负着小儿女来投奔，为什么要自己种庄稼呢？”

【英译】Fan Chi requested to be taught husbandry. The Master said, "I am not so good for that as an old husbandman." He requested also to be taught gardening, and was answered, "I am not so good for that as an old gardener." Fan Chi having gone out, the Master said, "A small man, indeed, is Fan Xu! If a superior man love propriety, the people will not dare not to be reverent. If he love righteousness, the people will not dare not to submit to his example. If he love good faith, the people will not dare not to be sincere. Now, when these things obtain, the people from all quarters will come to him, bearing their children on their backs - what need has he of a knowledge of husbandry?"

13.5子曰：“诵《诗》三百，授之以政，不达；使于四方，不能专对⑴；虽多，亦奚以为⑵？”

【译文】孔子说：“熟读《诗经》三百篇，交给他以政治任务，却办不通；叫他出使外国，又不能独立地去谈判酬酢；纵是读得多，有什么用处呢？”

【英译】The Master said, "Though a man may be able to recite the three hundred odes, yet if, when intrusted with a governmental charge, he knows not how to act, or if, when sent to any quarter on a mission, he cannot give his replies unassisted, notwithstanding the extent of his learning, of what practical use is it?"

13.6子曰：“其身正，不令而行；其身不正，虽令不从。”

【译文】孔子说：“统治者本身行为正当，不发命令，事情也行得通。他本身行为不正当，纵三令五申，百姓也不会信从。”

【英译】The Master said, "When a prince's personal conduct is correct, his government is effective without the issuing of orders. If his personal conduct is not correct, he may issue orders, but they will not be followed."

13.7子曰：“鲁、卫之政，兄弟也。”

【译文】孔子说：“鲁国的政治和卫国的政治，像兄弟一般［地相差不远］。”

【英译】The Master said, "The governments of Lu and Wei are brothers."

13.8子谓卫公子荆⑴，“善居室⑵，始有，曰：『苟合⑶矣。』少有，曰：『苟完矣。』富有，曰：『茍美矣。』”

【译文】孔子谈到卫国的公子荆，说：“他善于居家过日子，刚有一点，便说道：『差不多够了。』增加了一点，又说道：『差不多完备了。』多有一点，便说道：『差不多富丽堂皇了。”

【英译】The Master said of Jing, a scion of the ducal family of Wei, that he knew the economy of a family well. When he began to have means, he said, "Ha! here is a collection!" When they were a little increased, he said, "Ha! this is complete!" When he had become rich, he said, "Ha! this is admirable!"

13.9子适卫，冉有仆⑴。子曰：“庶矣哉！”冉有曰：“既庶矣，又何加焉？”曰：“富之。”曰：“既富矣，又何加焉？”曰：“教之⑵。”

【译文】孔子到卫国，冉有替他驾车子。孔子道：“好稠密的人口！”冉有道：“人口已经众多了，又该怎么办呢？”孔子道：“使他们富裕起来。”冉有道：“已经富裕了，又该怎么办呢？”孔子道：“教育他们。”

【英译】When the Master went to Wei, Zan You acted as driver of his carriage. The Master observed, "How numerous are the people!" You said, "Since they are thus numerous, what more shall be done for them?" "Enrich them," was the reply. "And when they have been enriched, what more shall be done?" The Master said, "Teach them."

13.10子曰：“苟有用我者，期月⑴而已可也，三年有成。”

【译文】孔子说：“假若有用我主持国家政事的，一年便差不多了，三年便会很有成绩。”

【英译】The Master said, "If there were (any of the princes) who would employ me, in the course of twelve months, I should have done something considerable. In three years, the government would be perfected."

13.11子曰：“『善人为邦百年，亦可以胜⑴残去⑵杀矣⑶。』诚哉是言也！”

【译文】孔子说：“『善人治理国政连续到一百年，也可以克服残暴免除虐杀了。』这句话真说得对呀！”

【英译】The Master said, "'If good men were to govern a country in succession for a hundred years, they would be able to transform the violently bad, and dispense with capital punishments.' True indeed is this saying!"

13.12子曰：“如有王者，必世而后仁。”

【译文】孔子说：“假若有王者兴起，一定需要三十年才能使仁政大行。”

【英译】The Master said, "If a truly royal ruler were to arise, it would still require a generation, and then virtue would prevail."

13.13子曰：“苟正其身矣，于从政乎何有？不能正其身，如正人何？”

【译文】孔子说：“假若端正了自己，治理国政有什么困难呢？连本身都不能端正，怎么端正别人呢？”

【英译】The Master said, "If a minister make his own conduct correct, what difficulty will he have in assisting in government? If he cannot rectify himself, what has he to do with rectifying others?"

13.14冉子退朝。子曰：“何晏也？”对曰：“有政。”子曰：“其事也。如有政，虽不吾以，吾其与闻之⑴。”

【译文】冉有从办公的地方回来。孔子道：“为什么今天回得这样晚呢？”答道：“有政务。”孔子道：“那只是事务罢了。若是有政务，虽然不用我了，我也会知道的。”

【英译】The disciple Ran returning from the court, the Master said to him, "How are you so late?" He replied, "We had government business." The Master said, "It must have been family affairs. If there had been government business, though I am not now in office, I should have been consulted about it."

13.15定公问：“一言而可以兴邦，有诸？”孔子对曰：“言不可以若是其几也。人之言曰：『为君难，为臣不易。』如知为君之难也，不几乎一言而兴邦乎？”曰：“一言而丧邦，有诸？”孔子对曰：“言不可以若是其几也。人之言曰：『予无乐乎为君，唯其言而莫予违也。』如其善而莫之违也，不亦善乎？如不善而莫之违也，不几乎一言而丧邦乎？”

【译文】鲁定公问：“一句话兴盛国家，有这事么？”孔子答道：“说话不可以像这样地简单机械。不过，人家都说：『做君上很难，做臣子不容易。』假若知道做君上的艰难，［自然会谨慎认真地干去，］不近于一句话便兴盛国家么？”定公又道：“一句话丧失国家，有这事么？”孔子答道：“说话不可以像这样地简单机械。不过，大家都说：『我做国君没有别的快乐，只是我说什么话都没有人违抗我。』假若说的话正确而没有人违抗，不也好么？假若说的话不正确而也没有人违抗，不近于一句话便丧失国家么？”

【英译】The Duke Ding asked whether there was a single sentence which could make a country prosperous. Confucius replied, "Such an effect cannot be expected from one sentence. There is a saying, however, which people have - 'To be a prince is difficult; to be a minister is not easy.' If a ruler knows this - the difficulty of being a prince - may there not be expected from this one sentence the prosperity of his country?" The duke then said, "Is there a single sentence which can ruin a country?" Confucius replied, "Such an effect as that cannot be expected from one sentence. There is, however, the saying which people have - 'I have no pleasure in being a prince, but only in that no one can offer any opposition to what I say!' If a ruler's words be good, is it not also good that no one oppose them? But if they are not good, and no one opposes them, may there not be expected from this one sentence the ruin of his country?"

13.16叶公问政。子曰：“近者悦，远者来。”

【译文】叶公问政治。孔子道：“境内的人使他高兴，境外的人使他来投奔。”

【英译】The duke of She asked about government. The Master said, "Good government obtains, when those who are near are made happy, and those who are far off are attracted."

13.17子夏为莒父⑴宰，问政。子曰：“无欲速，无见小利。欲速，则不达；见小利，则大事不成。”

【译文】子夏做了莒父的县长，问政治。孔子道：“不要图快，不要顾小利。图快，反而不能达到目的；顾小利，就办不成大事。”

【英译】Zi Xia, being governor of Ju Fu, asked about government. The Master said, "Do not be desirous to have things done quickly; do not look at small advantages. Desire to have things done quickly prevents their being done thoroughly. Looking at small advantages prevents great affairs from being accomplished."

13.18叶公语孔子曰：“吾党有直躬者，其父攘羊，而子证⑴之。”孔子曰：“吾党之直者异于是：父为子隐，子为父隐。——直在其中⑵矣。”

【译文】叶公告诉孔子道：“我那里有个坦白直率的人，他父亲偷了羊，他便告发。”孔子道：“我们那里坦白直率的人和你们的不同：父亲替儿子隐瞒，儿子替父亲隐瞒——直率就在这里面。”

【英译】The Duke of She informed Confucius, saying, "Among us here there are those who may be styled upright in their conduct. If their father have stolen a sheep, they will bear witness to the fact." Confucius said, "Among us, in our part of the country, those who are upright are different from this. The father conceals the misconduct of the son, and the son conceals the misconduct of the father. Uprightness is to be found in this."

13.19樊迟问仁。子曰：“居处恭，执事敬，与人忠。虽之⑴夷狄，不可弃也。”

【译文】樊迟问仁。孔子道：“平日容貌态度端正庄严，工作严肃认真，为别人忠心诚意。这几种品德，纵到外国去，也是不能废弃的。”

【英译】Fan Chi asked about perfect virtue. The Master said, "It is, in retirement, to be sedately grave; in the management of business, to be reverently attentive; in intercourse with others, to be strictly sincere. Though a man go among rude, uncultivated tribes, these qualities may not be neglected."

13.20子贡问曰：“何如斯可谓之士矣？”子曰：“行己有耻，使于四方，不辱君命，可谓士矣。”曰：“敢问其次。”曰：“宗族称孝焉，乡党称弟焉。”曰：“敢问其次。”曰：“言必信，行必果，硁硁然小人哉！——抑亦可以为次矣。”曰：“今之从政者何如？”子曰：“噫！斗筲之人⑴，何足算也？”

【译文】子贡问道：“怎样才可以叫做『士』？”孔子道：“自己行为保持羞耻之心，出使外国，很好地完成君主的使命，可以叫做『士』了。”子贡道：“请问次一等的。”孔子道：“宗族称赞他孝顺父母，乡里称赞他恭敬尊长。”子贡又道：“请问再次一等的。”孔子道：“言语一定信实，行为一定坚决，这是不问是非黑白而只管自己贯彻言行的小人呀，但也可以说是再次一等的『士』了。”子贡道：“现在的执政诸公怎么样？”孔子道：“咳！这班器识狭小的人算得什么？”

【英译】Zi Gong asked, saying, "What qualities must a man possess to entitle him to be called an officer? The Master said, "He who in his conduct of himself maintains a sense of shame, and when sent to any quarter will not disgrace his prince's commission, deserves to be called an officer." Zi Gong pursued, "I venture to ask who may be placed in the next lower rank?" And he was told, "He whom the circle of his relatives pronounce to be filial, whom his fellow villagers and neighbors pronounce to be fraternal." Again the disciple asked, "I venture to ask about the class still next in order." The Master said, "They are determined to be sincere in what they say, and to carry out what they do. They are obstinate little men. Yet perhaps they may make the next class." Zi Gong finally inquired, "Of what sort are those of the present day, who engage in government?" The Master said "Pooh! they are so many pecks and hampers, not worth being taken into account."

13.21子曰：“不得中行而与之，必也狂狷⑴乎！狂者进取，狷者有所不为也。”

【译文】孔子说：“得不到言行合乎中庸的人和他相交，那一定要交到激进的人和狷介的人罢，激进者一意向前，狷介者也不肯做坏事。”

【英译】The Master said, "Since I cannot get men pursuing the due medium, to whom I might communicate my instructions, I must find the ardent and the cautiously-decided. The ardent will advance and lay hold of truth; the cautiously-decided will keep themselves from what is wrong."

13.22子曰：“南人有言曰：『人而无恒，不可以作巫医⑴。』善夫！”“不恒其德⑵，或承之羞。”子曰：“不占而已矣。”

【译文】孔子说：“南方人有句话说，『人假若没有恒心，连巫医都做不了。』这句话很好呀！”《易经·恒卦》的爻辞说：“三心二意，翻云覆雨，总有人招致羞耻。”孔子又说：“这话的意思是叫无恒心的人不必去占卦罢了。”

【英译】 The Master said, "The people of the south have a saying - 'A man without constancy cannot be either a wizard or a doctor.' Good! Inconstant in his virtue, he will be visited with disgrace." The Master said, "This arises simply from not attending to the prognostication."

13.23子曰：“君子和而不同，小人同而不和⑴。”

【译文】孔子说：“君子用自己的正确意见来纠正别人的错误意见，使一切都做到恰到好处，却不肯盲从附和。小人只是盲从附和，却不肯表示自己的不同意见。”

【英译】The Master said, "The superior man is affable, but not adulatory; the mean man is adulatory, but not affable."

13.24子贡问曰：“乡人皆好之，何如？”子曰：“未可也⑴。”“乡人皆恶之，何如？”子曰：“未可也；不如乡人之善者好之，其不善者恶之。”

【译文】子贡问道：“满乡村的人都喜欢他，这个人怎么样？”孔子道：“还不行。”子贡便又道：“满乡村的人都厌恶他，这个人怎么样？”孔子道：“还不行。最好是满乡村的好人都喜欢他，满乡村的坏人都厌恶他。”

【英译】Zi Gong asked, saying, "What do you say of a man who is loved by all the people of his neighborhood?" The Master replied, "We may not for that accord our approval of him." "And what do you say of him who is hated by all the people of his neighborhood?" The Master said, "We may not for that conclude that he is bad. It is better than either of these cases that the good in the neighborhood love him, and the bad hate him."

13.25子曰：“君子易事⑴而难说也。说之不以道，不说也；及其使人也，器之。小人难事而易说也。说之虽不以道，说也；及其使人也，求备焉。”

【译文】孔子说：“在君子底下工作很容易，讨他的欢喜却难。不用正当的方式去讨他的欢喜，他不会欢喜的；等到他使用人的时候，却衡量各人的才德去分配任务。在小人底下工作很难，讨他的欢喜却容易。用不正当的方式去讨他的欢喜，他会欢喜的；等到他使用人的时候，便会百般挑剔，求全责备。”

【英译】The Master said, "The superior man is easy to serve and difficult to please. If you try to please him in any way which is not accordant with right, he will not be pleased. But in his employment of men, he uses them according to their capacity. The mean man is difficult to serve, and easy to please. If you try to please him, though it be in a way which is not accordant with right, he may be pleased. But in his employment of men, he wishes them to be equal to everything."

13.26子曰：“君子泰而不骄⑴，小人骄而不泰。”

【译文】孔子说：“君子安详舒泰，却不骄傲凌人；小人骄傲凌人，却不安详舒泰。”

【英译】The Master said, "The superior man has a dignified ease without pride. The mean man has pride without a dignified ease."

13.27子曰：“刚、毅、木、讷近仁。”

【译文】孔子说：“刚强、果决、朴质，而言语不轻易出口，有这四种品德的人近于仁德。”

【英译】The Master said, "The firm, the enduring, the simple, and the modest are near to virtue."

13.28子路问曰：“何如斯可谓之士矣？”子曰：“切切偲偲⑴，怡怡⑵如也，可谓士矣。朋友切切偲偲，兄弟怡怡。”

【译文】子路问道：“怎么样才可以叫做『士』了呢？”孔子道：“互相批评，和睦共处，可以叫做『士』了。朋友之间，互相批评；兄弟之间，和睦共处。”

【英译】Zi Lu asked, saying, "What qualities must a man possess to entitle him to be called a scholar?" The Master said, "He must be thus: earnest, urgent, and bland - among his friends, earnest and urgent; among his brethren, bland."

13.29子曰：“善人教民七年，亦可以卽戎⑴矣。”

【译文】孔子说：“善人教导人民达七年之久，也能够叫他们作战了。“

【英译】The Master said, "Let a good man teach the people seven years, and they may then likewise be employed in war."

13.30子曰：“以不教民⑴战，是谓弃之。”

【译文】孔子道：“用未经受过训练的人民去作战，这等于糟踏生命。“

【英译】The Master said, "To lead an uninstructed people to war, is to throw them away."