颜渊篇 第十二

12.1颜渊问仁。子曰：“克己复礼为仁⑴。一日克己复礼，天下归仁⑵焉。为仁由己，而由人乎哉？”颜渊曰：“请问其目。”子曰：“非礼勿视，非礼勿听，非礼勿言，非礼勿动。”颜渊曰：“回虽不敏，请事斯语矣。”

【译文】颜渊问仁德。孔子道：“抑制自己，使言语行动都合于礼，就是仁。一旦这样做到了，天下的人都会称许你是仁人。实践仁德，全凭自己，还凭别人吗？”颜渊道：“请问行动的纲领。”孔子道：“不合礼的事不看，不合礼的话不听，不合礼的话不说，不合礼的事不做。”颜渊道：“我虽然迟钝，也要实行您这话。”

【英译】Yan Yuan asked about perfect virtue. The Master said, "To subdue one's self and return to propriety, is perfect virtue. If a man can for one day subdue himself and return to propriety, all under heaven will ascribe perfect virtue to him. Is the practice of perfect virtue from a man himself, or is it from others?" Yan Yuan said, "I beg to ask the steps of that process." The Master replied, "Look not at what is contrary to propriety; listen not to what is contrary to propriety; speak not what is contrary to propriety; make no movement which is contrary to propriety." Yan Yuan then said, "Though I am deficient in intelligence and vigor, I will make it my business to practice this lesson."

12.2仲弓问仁。子曰：“出门如见大宾，使民如承大祭。己所不欲，勿施于人。在邦无怨，在家⑴无怨。”仲弓曰：“雍虽不敏，请事斯语矣。”

【译文】仲弓问仁德。孔子道：“出门［工作］好像去接待贵宾，役使百姓好像去承当大祀典，［都得严肃认真，小心谨慎。］自己所不喜欢的事物，就不强加于别人。在工作岗位上不对工作有怨恨，就是不在工作岗位上也没有怨恨。”仲弓道：“我虽然迟钝，也要实行您这话。”

【英译】Zhong Gong asked about perfect virtue. The Master said, "It is, when you go abroad, to behave to every one as if you were receiving a great guest; to employ the people as if you were assisting at a great sacrifice; not to do to others as you would not wish done to yourself; to have no murmuring against you in the country, and none in the family." Zhong Gong said, "Though I am deficient in intelligence and vigor, I will make it my business to practice this lesson."

12.3司马牛⑴问仁。子曰：“仁者，其言也讱。”曰：“其言也讱，斯谓之仁已乎？”子曰：“为之难，言之得无讱乎？”

【译文】司马牛问仁德。孔子道：“仁人，他的言语迟钝。”司马牛道：“言语迟钝，造就叫做仁了吗？”孔子道：“做起来不容易，说话能够不迟钝吗？”

【英译】Si Ma Niu asked about perfect virtue. The Master said, "The man of perfect virtue is cautious and slow in his speech." Niu replied, "Cautious and slow in his speech! Is this what is meant by perfect virtue?" The Master said, "When a man feels the difficulty of doing, can he be other than cautious and slow in speaking?"

12.4司马牛问君子。子曰：“君子不忧不惧。”曰：“不忧不惧，斯谓之君子已乎？”子曰：“内省不疚，夫何忧何惧？”

【译文】司马牛问怎样去做一个君子。孔子道：“君子不忧愁，不恐惧。”司马牛道：“不忧愁，不恐惧，这样就可以叫做君子了吗？”孔子道：“自己问心无愧，那有什么可以忧愁和恐惧的呢？”

【英译】Si Ma Niu asked about the superior man. The Master said, "The superior man has neither anxiety nor fear." Niu said, "Being without anxiety or fear! Does this constitute what we call the superior man?" The Master said, "When internal examination discovers nothing wrong, what is there to be anxious about, what is there to fear?"

12.5司马牛忧曰：“人皆有兄弟，我独亡⑴。”子夏曰：“商闻之矣：死生有命，富贵在天。君子敬而无失，与人恭而有礼。四海之内，皆兄弟也——君子何患乎无兄弟也？”

【译文】司马牛忧愁地说道：“别人都有好兄弟，单单我没有。”子夏道：“我听说过：死生听之命运，富贵由天安排。君子只是对待工作严肃认真，不出差错，对待别人词色恭谨，合乎礼节，天下之大，到处都是好兄弟——君子又何必着急没有好兄弟呢？”

【英译】Si Ma Niu, full of anxiety, said, "Other men all have their brothers, I only have not." Zi Xia said to him, "There is the following saying which I have heard - 'Death and life have their determined appointment; riches and honors depend upon Heaven.' Let the superior man never fail reverentially to order his own conduct, and let him be respectful to others and observant of propriety - then all within the four seas will be his brothers. What has the superior man to do with being distressed because he has no brothers?"

12.6子张问明。子曰：“浸润之谮，肤受之愬，不行焉，可谓明也已矣。浸润之谮，肤受之愬，不行焉，可谓远也已矣。”

【译文】子张问怎样才叫做见事明白。孔子道：“点滴而来，日积月累的谗言和肌肤所受、急迫切身的诬告都在你这里行不通，那你可以说是看得明白的了。点滴而来，日积月累的谗言和肌肤所受、急迫切身的诬告也都在你这里行不通，那你可以说是看得远的了。”

【英译】Zi Zhang asked what constituted intelligence. The Master said, "He with whom neither slander that gradually soaks into the mind, nor statements that startle like a wound in the flesh, are successful, may be called intelligent indeed. Yea, he with whom neither soaking slander, nor startling statements, are successful, may be called farseeing."

12.7子贡问政。子曰：“足食，足兵⑴，民信之矣。”子贡曰：“必不得已而去，于斯三者何先？”曰：“去兵。”子贡曰：“必不得已而去，于斯二者何先？”曰：“去食。自古皆有死，民无信不立。”

【译文】子贡问怎样去治理政事。孔子道：“充足粮食，充足军备，百姓对政府就有信心了。”子贡道：“如果迫于不得已，在粮食、军备和人民的信心三者之中一定要去掉一项，先去掉哪一项？”孔子道：“去掉军备。”子贡道：“如果迫于不得已，在粮食和人民的信心两者之中一定要去掉一项，先去掉哪一项？”孔子道：“去掉粮食。［没有粮食，不过死亡，但］自古以来谁都免不了死亡。如果人民对政府缺乏信心，国家是站不起来的。”

【英译】Zi Gong asked about government. The Master said, "The requisites of government are that there be sufficiency of food, sufficiency of military equipment, and the confidence of the people in their ruler." Zi Gong said, "If it cannot be helped, and one of these must be dispensed with, which of the three should be foregone first?" "The military equipment," said the Master. Zi Gong again asked, "If it cannot be helped, and one of the remaining two must be dispensed with, which of them should be foregone?" The Master answered, "Part with the food. From of old, death has been the lot of all men; but if the people have no faith in their rulers, there is no standing for the state."

12.8棘子成⑴曰：“君子质而已矣，何以文为？”子贡曰：“惜乎，夫子之说君子也⑵！驷不及舌。文犹质也，质犹文也。虎豹之鞟犹犬羊之鞟。”

【译文】棘子成道：“君子只要有好的本质便够了，要那些文彩［那些仪节、那些形式］干什么？”子贡道：“先生这样地谈论君子，可惜说错了。一言既出，驷马难追。本质和文彩，是同等重要的。假若把虎豹和犬羊两类兽皮拔去有文彩的毛，那这两类皮革就很少区别了。”

【英译】Ji Zi Cheng said, "In a superior man it is only the substantial qualities which are wanted; why should we seek for ornamental accomplishments?" Zi Gong said, "Alas! Your words, sir, show you to be a superior man, but four horses cannot overtake the tongue. Ornament is as substance; substance is as ornament. The hide of a tiger or a leopard stripped of its hair, is like the hide of a dog or a goat stripped of its hair."

12.9哀公问于有若曰：“年饥，用不足，如之何？”有若对曰：“盍彻乎？”曰：“二，吾犹不足，如之何其彻也？”对曰：“百姓足，君孰与不足？百姓不足，君孰与足？”

【译文】鲁哀公向有若问道：“年成不好，国家用度不够，应该怎么办？”有若答道：“为什么不实行十分抽一的税率呢？”公道：“十分抽二，我还不够，怎么能十分抽一呢？”答道：“如果百姓的用度够，您怎么会不够？如果百姓的用度不够，您又怎么会够？”

【英译】The duke Ai inquired of You Ruo, saying, "The year is one of scarcity, and the returns for expenditure are not sufficient - what is to be done?" You Ruo replied to him, "Why not simply tithe the people?" The duke replied, "With two tenths I find it not enough - how could I do with that system of one tenth?" You Ruo answered, "If the people have plenty, their prince will not be left to want alone. If the people are in want, their prince cannot enjoy plenty alone."

12.10子张问崇德辨惑。子曰：“主忠信，徙义，崇德也。爱之欲其生，恶之欲其死。既欲其生，又欲其死，是惑也。『诚不以富，亦祗以异⑴。』”

【译文】子张问如何去提高品德，辨别迷惑。孔子道：“以忠诚信实为主，唯义是从，这就可以提高品德。爱一个人，希望他长寿；厌恶起来，恨不得他马上死去。既要他长寿，又要他短命，这便是迷惑。这样，的确对自己毫无好处，只是使人奇怪罢了。”

【英译】Zi Zhang having asked how virtue was to be exalted, and delusions to be discovered, the Master said, "Hold faithfulness and sincerity as first principles, and be moving continually to what is right - this is the way to exalt one's virtue. You love a man and wish him to live; you hate him and wish him to die. Having wished him to live, you also wish him to die. This is a case of delusion. 'It may not be on account of her being rich, yet you come to make a difference.'"

12.11齐景公问政于孔子。孔子对曰：“君君，臣臣，父父，子子。”公曰：“善哉！信如君不君，臣不臣，父不父，子不子，虽有粟，吾得而食诸？”

【译文】齐景公向孔子问政治。孔子答道：“君要像个君，臣要像个臣，父亲要像父亲，儿子要像儿子。”景公道：“对呀！若是君不像君，臣不像臣，父不像父，子不像子，卽使粮食很多，我能吃得着吗？”

【英译】The duke Jing, of Qi, asked Confucius about government. Confucius replied, "There is government, when the prince is prince, and the minister is minister; when the father is father, and the son is son." "Good!" said the duke; "if, indeed, the prince be not prince, the minister not minister, the father not father, and the son not son, although I have my revenue, can I enjoy it?"

12.12子曰：“片言可以折狱⑴者，其由也与？”子路无宿诺⑵。

【译文】孔子说：“根据一方面的语言就可以判决案件的，大概只有仲由吧！”子路从不拖延诺言。

【英译】The Master said, "Ah! it is You, who could with half a word settle litigations!" Zi Lu never slept over a promise.

12.13子曰：“听讼⑴，吾犹人也。必也使无讼乎！”

【译文】孔子说：“审理诉讼，我同别人差不多。一定要使诉讼的事件完全消灭才好。”

【英译】The Master said, "In hearing litigations, I am like any other body. What is necessary, however, is to cause the people to have no litigations."

12.14子张问政。子曰：“居之无倦，行之以忠。”

【译文】子张问政治。孔子道：“在位不要疲倦懈怠，执行政令要忠心。”

【英译】Zi Zhang asked about government. The Master said, "The art of governing is to keep its affairs before the mind without weariness, and to practice them with undeviating consistency."

12.15子曰：“博学于文，约之以礼，亦可以弗畔矣夫！”

【英译】The Master said, "By extensively studying all learning, and keeping himself under the restraint of the rules of propriety, one may thus likewise not err from what is right."

12.16子曰：“君子成人之美，不成人之恶。小人反是。”

【译文】孔子说：“君子成全别人的好事，不促成别人的坏事。小人却和这相反。”

【英译】The Master said, "The superior man seeks to perfect the admirable qualities of men, and does not seek to perfect their bad qualities. The mean man does the opposite of this."

12.17季康子问政于孔子。孔子对曰：”政者，正也。子帅以正，孰敢不正？”

【译文】季康子向孔子问政治。孔子答道：“政字的意思就是端正。您自己带头端正，谁敢不端正呢？”

【英译】Ji Kang asked Confucius about government. Confucius replied, "To govern means to rectify. If you lead on the people with correctness, who will dare not to be correct?"

12.18季康子患盗，问于孔子。孔子对曰：“苟子之不欲，虽赏之不窃。”

【译文】季康子苦于盗贼太多，向孔子求教。孔子答道：“假若您不贪求太多的财货，就是奖励偷抢，他们也不会干。”

【英译】Ji Kang, distressed about the number of thieves in the state, inquired of Confucius how to do away with them. Confucius said, "If you, sir, were not covetous, although you should reward them to do it, they would not steal."

12.19季康子⑴问政于孔子曰：“如杀无道，以就有道何如？”孔子对曰：“子为政，焉用杀？子欲善而民善矣。君子之德风，小人之德草。草上之风，必偃。”

【译文】季康子向孔子请教政治，说道：“假若杀掉坏人来亲近好人，怎么样？”孔子答道：“您治理政治，为什么要杀戮？您想把国家搞好，百姓就会好起来。领导人的作风好比风，老百姓的作风好比草，风向哪边吹，草向哪边倒。”

【英译】Ji Kang asked Confucius about government, saying, "What do you say to killing the unprincipled for the good of the principled?" Confucius replied, "Sir, in carrying on your government, why should you use killing at all? Let your evinced desires be for what is good, and the people will be good. The relation between superiors and inferiors is like that between the wind and the grass. The grass must bend, when the wind blows across it."

12.20子张问：“士何如斯可谓之达矣？”子曰：“何哉，尔所谓达者？”子张对曰：“在邦必闻，在家必闻。”子曰：“是闻也，非达也。夫达也者，质直而好义，察言而观色，虑以下人。在邦必达，在家必达。夫闻也者，色取仁而行违，居之不疑。在邦必闻，在家必闻。”

【译文】子张问：“读书人要怎样做才可以叫达？”孔子道：“你所说的达是什么意思？”子张答道：“做国家的官时一定有名望，在大夫家工作时一定有名望。”孔子道：“这个叫闻，不叫达。怎样才是达呢？质量正直，遇事讲理，善于分析别人的言语，观察别人的颜色，从思想上愿意对别人退让。这种人，做国家的官时固然事事行得通，在大夫家一定事事行得通。至于闻，表面上似乎爱好仁德，实际行为却不如此，可是自己竟以仁人自居而不加疑惑。这种人，做官的时候一定会骗取名望，居家的时候也一定会骗取名望。”

【英译】Zi Zhang asked, "What must the officer be, who may be said to be distinguished?" The Master said, "What is it you call being distinguished?" Zi Zhang replied, "It is to be heard of through the state, to be heard of throughout his clan." The Master said, "That is notoriety, not distinction. Now the man of distinction is solid and straightforward, and loves righteousness. He examines people's words, and looks at their countenances. He is anxious to humble himself to others. Such a man will be distinguished in the country; he will be distinguished in his clan. As to the man of notoriety, he assumes the appearance of virtue, but his actions are opposed to it, and he rests in this character without any doubts about himself. Such a man will be heard of in the country; he will be heard of in the clan."

12.21樊迟从游于舞雩之下，曰：“敢问崇德，修慝，辨惑。”子曰：“善哉问！先事后得，非崇德与？攻其恶，无攻人之恶，非修慝与？一朝之忿，忘其身，以及其亲，非惑与？”

【译文】樊迟陪侍孔子在舞雩台下游逛，说道：“请问怎样提高自己的品德，怎样消除别人对自己不露面的怨恨，怎样辨别出哪种是胡涂事。”孔子道：“问得好！首先付出劳动，然后收获，不是提高品德了吗？批判自己的坏处，不去批判别人的坏处，不就消除无形的怨恨了吗？因为偶然的忿怒，便忘记自己，甚至也忘记了爹娘，不是胡涂吗？”

【英译】Fan Chi rambling with the Master under the trees about the rain altars, said, "I venture to ask how to exalt virtue, to correct cherished evil, and to discover delusions." The Master said, "Truly a good question! If doing what is to be done be made the first business, and success a secondary consideration - is not this the way to exalt virtue? To assail one's own wickedness and not assail that of others - is not this the way to correct cherished evil? For a morning's anger to disregard one's own life, and involve that of his parents - is not this a case of delusion?"

12.22樊迟问仁。子曰：“爱人。”问知。子曰：“知人。”樊迟未达。子曰：“举直错诸枉，能使枉者直。”樊迟退，见子夏曰：“乡⑴也吾见于夫子而问知，子曰，『举直错诸枉，能使枉者直』，何谓也？”子夏曰：“富哉言乎！舜有天下，选于众，举皋陶⑵，不仁者远⑶矣。汤⑷有天下，选于众，举伊尹⑸，不仁者远矣⑹。”

【译文】樊迟问仁。孔子道：“爱人。”又问智。孔子道：“善于鉴别人物。”樊迟还不透澈了解。孔子道：“把正直人提拔出来，位置在邪恶人之上，能够使邪恶人正直。”樊迟退了出来，找着子夏，说道：“刚纔我去见老师向他问智，他说，『把正直人提拔出来，位置在邪恶人之上』，这是什么意思？”子夏道：“意义多么丰富的话呀！舜有了天下，在众人之中挑选，把皋陶提拔出来，坏人就难以存在了。汤有了天下，在众人之中挑选，把伊尹提拔出来，坏人也就难以存在了。”

【英译】Fan Chi asked about benevolence. The Master said, "It is to love all men." He asked about knowledge. The Master said, "It is to know all men." Fan Chi did not immediately understand these answers. The Master said, "Employ the upright and put aside all the crooked; in this way the crooked can be made to be upright." Fan Chi retired, and, seeing Zi Xia, he said to him, "A Little while ago, I had an interview with our Master, and asked him about knowledge. He said, 'Employ the upright, and put aside all the crooked; in this way, the crooked will be made to be upright.' What did he mean?" Zi Xia said, "Truly rich is his saying! Shun, being in possession of the kingdom, selected from among all the people, and employed Gao Yao, on which all who were devoid of virtue disappeared. Tang, being in possession of the kingdom, selected from among all the people, and employed Yi Yin, and all who were devoid of virtue disappeared."

12.23子贡问友。子曰：“忠告⑴而善道之，不可则止，毋自辱焉。”

【译文】子贡问对待朋友的方法。孔子道：“忠心地劝告他，好好地引导他，他不听从，也就罢了，不要自找侮辱。”

【英译】Zi Gong asked about friendship. The Master said, "Faithfully admonish your friend, and skillfully lead him on. If you find him impracticable, stop. Do not disgrace yourself."

12.24曾子曰：“君子以文会友，以友辅仁。”

【译文】曾子说：“君子用文章学问来聚会朋友，用朋友来帮助我培养仁德。”

【英译】The philosopher Zeng said, "The superior man on grounds of culture meets with his friends, and by friendship helps his virtue."