先进篇 第十一

11.1子曰：“先进⑴于礼乐，野人也；后进⑴于礼乐，君子也。如用之，则吾从先进。”

【译文】孔子说：“先学习礼乐而后做官的是未曾有过爵禄的一般人，先有了官位而后学习礼乐的是卿大夫的子弟。如果要我选用人才，我主张选用先学习礼乐的人。”

【英译】The Master said, "The men of former times in the matters of ceremonies and music were rustics, it is said, while the men of these latter times, in ceremonies and music, are accomplished gentlemen. If I have occasion to use those things, I follow the men of former times."

11.2子曰：“从我于陈、蔡⑴者，皆不及门⑵也。”

【译文】孔子说：“跟着我在陈国、蔡国之间忍饥受饿的人，都不在我这里了。”

【英译】The Master said, "Of those who were with me in Chen and Cai, there are none to be found to enter my door."

11.3德行：颜渊，闵子骞，冉伯牛，仲弓。言语：宰我，子贡。政事：冉有，季路。文学⑴：子游，子夏。

【译文】［孔子的学生各有所长。］德行好的：颜渊，闵子骞，冉伯牛，仲弓。会说话的：宰我，子贡。能办理政事的：冉有，季路。熟悉古代文献的：子游，子夏。

【英译】Distinguished for their virtuous principles and practice, there were Yan Yuan, Min Zi Qian, Ran Bo Niu, and Zhong Gong; for their ability in speech, Zai Wo and Zi Gong; for their administrative talents, Ran You and Ji Lu; for their literary acquirements, Zi You and Zi Xia.

11.4子曰：“回也非助我者也，于吾言无所不说。”

【译文】孔子说：“颜回不是对我有所帮助的人，他对我的话没有不喜欢的。”

【英译】The Master said, "Hui gives me no assistance. There is nothing that I say in which he does not delight."

11.5子曰：“孝哉闵子骞！人不间于其父母昆弟之言。”

【译文】孔子说：“闵子骞真是孝顺呀，别人对于他爹娘兄弟称赞他的言语并无异议。”

【英译】The Master said, "Filial indeed is Min Zi Qian! Other people say nothing of him different from the report of his parents and brothers."

11.6南容三复白圭⑴，孔子以其兄之子妻之。

【译文】南容把“白圭之玷，尚可磨也；斯言之玷，不可为也”的几句诗读了又读，孔子便把自己的侄女嫁给他。

【英译】Nan Rong was frequently repeating the lines about a white scepter stone. Confucius gave him the daughter of his elder brother to wife.

11.7季康子问⑴：“弟子孰为好学？”孔子对曰：“有颜回者好学，不幸短命死矣，今也则亡。”

【译文】季康子问道：“你学生中谁用功？”孔子答道：“有一个叫颜回的用功，不幸短命死了，现在就再没有这样的人了。”

【英译】Ji Kang asked which of the disciples loved to learn. Confucius replied to him, "There was Yen Hui; he loved to learn. Unfortunately his appointed time was short, and he died. Now there is no one who loves to learn, as he did."

11.8颜渊死，颜路⑴请子之车以为之⑵椁⑶。子曰：“才不才，亦各言其子也。鲤⑷也死，有棺而无椁。吾不徒行以为之椁。以吾从大夫之后⑸，不可徒行也。”

【译文】颜渊死了，他父亲颜路请求孔子卖掉车子来替颜渊办外椁。孔子道：“不管有才能或者没有才能，但总是自己的儿子。我的儿子鲤死了，也只有内棺，没有外椁。我不能［卖掉车子］步行来替他买椁。因为我也曾做过大夫，是不可以步行的。”

【英译】When Yan Yuan died, Yan Lu begged the carriage of the Master to sell and get an outer shell for his son's coffin. The Master said, "Whether he has talents or has not talents, everyone calls his son his son. There was Li; when he died, he had a coffin but no outer shell. I would not walk on foot to get a shell for him, because, having followed in the rear of the great officers, it was not proper that I should walk on foot."

11.9颜渊死。子曰：“噫！天丧予！天丧予⑴！”

【译文】颜渊死了，孔子道：“咳！天老爷要我的命呀！天老爷要我的命呀！”

【英译】When Yan Yuan died, the Master said, "Alas! Heaven is destroying me! Heaven is destroying me!"

11.10颜渊死，子哭之恸⑴。从者曰：“子恸矣！”曰：“有恸乎？非夫人之为恸⑵而谁为？”

【译文】颜渊死了，孔子哭得很伤心。跟着孔子的人道：“您太伤心了！”孔子道：“真的太伤心了吗？我不为这样的人伤心，还为什么人伤心呢！”

【英译】When Yan Yuan died, the Master bewailed him exceedingly, and the disciples who were with him said, "Master, your grief is excessive!" "Is it excessive?" said he. "If I am not to mourn bitterly for this man, for whom should I mourn?"

11.11颜渊死，门人欲厚葬⑴之。子曰：“不可。”门人厚葬之。子曰：“回也视予犹父也，予不得视犹子也。非我也，夫二三子也。”

【译文】颜渊死了，孔子的学生们想要很丰厚地埋葬他。孔子道：“不可以。”学生们仍然很丰厚地埋葬了他。孔子道：“颜回呀，你看待我好像看待父亲，我却不能够像对待儿子一般地看待你。这不是我的主意呀，是你那班同学干的呀。”

【英译】When Yan Yuan died, the disciples wished to give him a great funeral, and the Master said, "You may not do so." The disciples did bury him in great style. The Master said, "Hui behaved towards me as his father. I have not been able to treat him as my son. The fault is not mine; it belongs to you, O disciples."

11.12季路问事鬼神。子曰：“未能事人，焉能事鬼？”曰：“敢⑴问死。”曰：“未知生，焉知死？”

【译文】子路问服事鬼神的方法。孔子道：“活人还不能服事，怎么能去服事死人？”子路又道：“我大胆地请问死是怎么回事。”孔子道：“生的道理还没有弄明白，怎么能够懂得死？”

【英译】Ji Lu asked about serving the spirits of the dead. The Master said, "While you are not able to serve men, how can you serve their spirits?" Ji Lu added, "I venture to ask about death?" He was answered, "While you do not know life, how can you know about death?"

11.13闵子侍侧，誾誾如也；子路，行行⑴如也；冉有、子贡，侃侃如也。子乐。“若由也，不得其死然⑵。”

【译文】闵子骞站在孔子身旁，恭敬而正直的样子；子路很刚强的样子；冉有、子贡温和而快乐的样子。孔子高兴起来了。［不过，又道：］“像仲由吧，怕得不到好死。”

【英译】The disciple Min was standing by his side, looking bland and precise; Zi Lu, looking bold and soldierly; Ran You and Zi Gong, with a free and straightforward manner. The Master was pleased. He said, "You there - he will not die a natural death."

11.14鲁人⑴为长府。闵子骞曰：“仍旧贯，如之何？何必改作？”子曰：“夫人不言，言必有中。”

【译文】鲁国翻修叫长府的金库。闵子骞道：“照着老样子下去怎么样？为什么一定要翻造呢？”孔子道：“这个人平日不大开口，一开口一定中肯。”

【英译】Some parties in Lu were going to take down and rebuild the Long Treasury. Min Zi Qian said, "Suppose it were to be repaired after its old style; why must it be altered and made anew?" The Master said, "This man seldom speaks; when he does, he is sure to hit the point."

11.15子曰：“由之瑟⑴奚为于丘之门？”门人不敬子路。子曰：“由也升堂矣，未入于室⑵也。”

【译文】孔子道：“仲由弹瑟，为什么在我这里来弹呢？”因此孔子的学生们瞧不起子路。孔子道：“由么，学问已经不错了，只是还不够精深罢了。”

【英译】The Master said, "What has the lute of You to do in my door?" The other disciples began not to respect Zi Lu. The Master said, "You has ascended to the hall, though he has not yet passed into the inner apartments."

11.16子贡问：“师与商也孰贤？”子曰：“师也过，商也不及。”曰：“然则师愈与？”子曰：“过犹不及。”

【译文】子贡问孔子：“颛孙师（子张）和卜商（子夏）两个人，谁强一些？”孔子道：“师呢，有些过分；商呢，有些赶不上。”子贡道：“那么，师强一些吗？”孔子道：“过分和赶不上同样不好。”

【英译】Zi Gong asked which of the two, Shi or Shang, was the superior. The Master said, "Shi goes beyond the due mean, and Shang does not come up to it." "Then," said Zi Gong, "the superiority is with Shi, I suppose." The Master said, "To go beyond is as wrong as to fall short."

11.17季氏富于周公⑴，而求也为之聚敛而附益之⑵。子曰：“非吾徒也。小子鸣鼓而攻之，可也。”

【译文】季氏比周公还有钱，冉求却又替他搜括，增加更多的财富。孔子道：“冉求不是我们的人，你们学生很可以大张旗鼓地来攻击他。”

【英译】The head of the Ji family was richer than the duke of Zhou had been, and yet Qiu collected his imposts for him, and increased his wealth. The Master said, "He is no disciple of mine. My little children, beat the drum and assail him."

11.18柴⑴也愚，参也鲁，师也辟⑵，由也喭。

【译文】高柴愚笨，曾参迟钝，颛孙师偏激，仲由卤莽。

【英译】Chai is simple. Shen is dull. Shi is specious. You is coarse.

11.19子曰：“回也其庶⑴乎，屡空⑵。赐不受命⑶，而货殖焉，亿则屡中。”

【译文】孔子说：“颜回的学问道德差不多了罢，可是常常穷得没有办法。端木赐不安本分，去囤积投机，猜测行情，竟每每猜对了。”

【英译】The Master said, "There is Hui! He has nearly attained to perfect virtue. He is often in want. Ci does not acquiesce in the appointments of Heaven, and his goods are increased by him. Yet his judgments are often correct."

11.20子张问善人之道。子曰：“不践迹，亦不入于室⑴。”

【译文】子张问怎样才是善人。孔子道：“善人不踩着别人的脚印走，学问道德也难以到家。”

【英译】Zi Zhang asked what were the characteristics of the good man. The Master said, "He does not tread in the footsteps of others, but moreover, he does not enter the chamber of the sage."

11.21子曰：“论笃是与⑴，君子者乎？色庄者乎？”

【译文】孔子说：“总是推许言论笃实的人，这种笃实的人是真正的君子呢？还是神情上伪装庄重的人呢？”

【英译】The Master said, "If, because a man's discourse appears solid and sincere, we allow him to be a good man, is he really a superior man? or is his gravity only in appearance?"

11.22子路问：“闻斯行诸？”子曰：“有父兄在，如之何其闻斯行之？”冉有问：“闻斯行诸？”子曰：“闻斯行之。”公西华曰：“由也问闻斯行诸，子曰，『有父兄在』，求也问闻斯行诸，子曰，『闻斯行之』。赤也惑，敢问。”子曰：“求也退，故进之；由也兼人⑴，故退之。”

【译文】子路问：“听到就干起来吗？”孔子道：“有爸爸哥哥活着，怎么能听到就干起来？”冉有问：“听到就干起来吗？”孔子道：“听到就干起来。”公西华道：“仲由问听到就干起来吗，您说『有爸爸哥哥活着，［不能这样做；］』冉求问听到就干起来吗，您说『听到就干起来。』［两个人问题相同，而您的答复相反，］我有些胡涂，大胆地来问问。”孔子道：“冉求平日做事退缩，所以我给他壮胆；仲由的胆量却有两个人的大，勇于作为，所以我要压压他。”

【英译】Zi Lu asked whether he should immediately carry into practice what he heard. The Master said, "There are your father and elder brothers to be consulted - why should you act on that principle of immediately carrying into practice what you hear?" Ran You asked the same, whether he should immediately carry into practice what he heard, and the Master answered, "Immediately carry into practice what you hear." Gong Xi Hua said, "You asked whether he should carry immediately into practice what he heard, and you said, 'There are your father and elder brothers to be consulted.' Qiu asked whether he should immediately carry into practice what he heard, and you said, 'Carry it immediately into practice.' I, Chi, am perplexed, and venture to ask you for an explanation." The Master said, "Qiu is retiring and slow; therefore I urged him forward. You has more than his own share of energy; therefore I kept him back."

11.23子畏于匡，颜渊后。子曰：“吾以女为死矣。”曰：“子在，回何敢死？”

【译文】孔子在匡被囚禁了之后，颜渊最后才来。孔子道：“我以为你是死了。”颜渊道：“您还活着，我怎么敢死呢？”

【英译】The Master was put in fear in Kuang and Yan Yuan fell behind. The Master, on his rejoining him, said, "I thought you had died." Hui replied, "While you were alive, how should I presume to die?"

11.24季子然⑴问：“仲由、冉求可谓大臣与？”子曰：“吾以子为异之问，曾由与求之问。所谓大臣者，以道事君，不可则止。今由与求也，可谓具臣矣⑵。”曰：“然则从之者与？”子曰：“弑父与君，亦不从也。”

【译文】季子然问：“仲由和冉求可以说是大臣吗”孔子道：“我以为你是问别的人，竟问由和求呀。我们所说的大臣，他用最合于仁义的内容和方式来对待君主，如果这样行不通，宁肯辞职不干。如今由和求这两个人，可以说是具有相当才能的臣属了。”季子然又道：“那么，他们会一切顺从上级吗？”孔子道：“杀父亲、杀君主的事情，他们也不会顺从的。”

【英译】Ji Zi Ran asked whether Zhong You and Ran Qiu could be called great ministers. The Master said, "I thought you would ask about some extraordinary individuals, and you only ask about You and Qiu! What is called a great minister, is one who serves his prince according to what is right, and when he finds he cannot do so, retires. Now, as to You and Qiu, they may be called ordinary ministers." Zi Ran said, "Then they will always follow their chief - will they?" The Master said, "In an act of parricide or regicide, they would not follow him."

11.25子路使子羔为费宰。子曰：“贼夫人之子。”子路曰：“有民人焉，有社禝焉，何必读书，然后为学？”子曰：“是故恶夫佞者。”

【译文】子路叫子羔去做费县县长。孔子道：“这是害了别人的儿子！”子路道：“那地方有老百姓，有土地和五谷，为什么定要读书才叫做学问呢？”孔子道：“所以我讨厌强嘴利舌的人。”

【英译】Zi Lu got Zi Gao appointed governor of Fei. The Master said, "You are injuring a man's son." Zi Lu said, "There are (there) common people and officers; there are the altars of the spirits of the land and grain. Why must one read books before he can be considered to have learned?" The Master said, "It is on this account that I hate your glib-tongued people."

11.26子路、曾晳⑴、冉有、公西华侍坐。子曰：“以吾一日长乎尔，毋吾以也。居⑵则曰：『不吾知也！』如或知尔，则何以哉？”子路率尔而对曰“千乘之国，摄乎大国之间，加之以师旅，因之以饥馑；由也为之，比⑶及三年，可使有勇，且知方也。”夫子哂之。“求！尔何如？”对曰：“方六七十⑷，如⑸五六十，求也为之，比⑶及三年，可使足民。如其礼乐，以俟君子。”“赤！尔何如？”对曰：“非曰能之，愿学焉。宗庙之事，如会同，端章甫⑹，愿为小相⑺焉。”“点！尔何如？”鼓瑟希，铿尔，舍瑟而作⑻，对曰：“异乎三子者之撰。”子曰：“何伤乎？亦各言其志也。”曰：“莫⑼春者，春服既成⑽，冠者五六人，童子六七人，浴乎沂⑾，风乎舞雩⑿，咏而归。”子喟然叹曰：“吾与点也！”子者出，曾晳后。曾晳曰：“夫三子者之言何如？”子曰：“亦各言其志也已矣。”曰：“夫子何哂由也？”曰：“为国以礼，其言不让，是故哂之。”“唯⒀求则非邦也与？”“安见方六七十如五六十而非邦也者？”“唯赤则非邦也与？”“宗庙会同，非诸侯而何？赤也为之⒁小，孰能为之⒁大？”

【译文】子路、曾晳、冉有、公西华四个人陪着孔子坐着。孔子说道：“因为我比你们年纪都大，［老了，］没有人用我了。你们平日说：『人家不了解我呀！』假若有人了解你们，［打算请你们出去，］那你们怎么办呢？”子路不加思索地答道：“一千辆兵车的国家，局促地处于几个大国的中间，外面有军队侵犯它，国内又加以灾荒。我去治理，等到三年光景，可以使人人有勇气，而且懂得大道理。”孔子微微一笑。又问：“冉求，你怎么样？”答道：“国土纵横各六七十里或者五六十里的小国家，我去治理，等到三年光景，可以使人人富足。至于修明礼乐，那只有等待贤人君子了。”又问：“公西赤！你怎么样？”答道：“不是说我已经很有本领了，我愿意这样学习：祭祀的工作或者同外国盟会，我愿意穿着礼服，戴着礼帽，做一个小司仪者。”又问：“曾点！你怎么样？”他弹瑟正近尾声，铿的一声把瑟放下，站了起来答道：“我的志向和他们三位所讲的不同。”孔子道：“那有什么妨碍呢？正是要各人说出自己的志向呵！”曾晳便道：“暮春三月，春天衣服都穿定了，我陪同五六位成年人，六七个小孩，在沂水旁边洗洗澡，在舞雩台上吹吹风，一路唱歌，一路走回来。”孔子长叹一声道：“我同意曾点的主张呀！”子路、冉有、公西华三人都出来了，曾晳后走。曾晳问道：“那三位同学的话怎样？”孔子道：“也不过各人说说自己的志向罢了。”曾晳又道：“您为什么对仲由微笑呢？”孔子道：“治理国家应该讲求礼让，可是他的话却一点不谦虚，所以笑笑他。”“难道冉求所讲的就不是国家吗？”孔子道：“怎样见得横纵各六七十里或者五六十里的土地就不够是一个国家呢？”“公西赤所讲的不是国家吗？”孔子道：“有宗庙，有国际间的盟会，不是国家是什么？［我笑仲由的不是说他不能治理国家，关键不在是不是国家，而是笑他说话的内容和态度不够谦虚。譬如公西赤，他是个十分懂得礼仪的人，但他只说愿意学着做一个小司仪者。］如果他只做一小司仪者，又有谁来做大司仪者呢？”

【英译】Zi Lu, Zeng Xi, Ran You, and Gong Xi Hua were sitting by the Master. He said to them, "Though I am a day or so older than you, do not think of that. From day to day you are saying, 'We are not known.' If some ruler were to know you, what would you like to do?" Zi Lu hastily and lightly replied, "Suppose the case of a state of ten thousand chariots; let it be straitened between other large states; let it be suffering from invading armies; and to this let there be added a famine in corn and in all vegetables - if I were intrusted with the government of it, in three years' time I could make the people to be bold, and to recognize the rules of righteous conduct." The Master smiled at him. Turning to Ran You, he said, "Qiu, what are your wishes?" Qiu replied, "Suppose a state of sixty or seventy li square, or one of fifty or sixty, and let me have the government of it - in three years' time, I could make plenty to abound among the people. As to teaching them the principles of propriety, and music, I must wait for the rise of a superior man to do that." "What are your wishes, Chi," said the Master next to Gong Xi Hua. Chi replied, "I do not say that my ability extends to these things, but I should wish to learn them. At the services of the ancestral temple, and at the audiences of the princes with the sovereign, I should like, dressed in the dark square-made robe and the black linen cap, to act as a small assistant." Last of all, the Master asked Zeng Xi, "Dian, what are your wishes?" Dian, pausing as he was playing on his lute, while it was yet twanging, laid the instrument aside, and said, "My wishes are different from the cherished purposes of these three gentlemen." Said the Master, "What harm is there in that? Do you also, as well as they, speak out your wishes." Dian then said, "In this, the last month of spring, with the dress of the season all complete, along with five or six young men who have assumed the cap, and six or seven boys, I would wash in the Yi, enjoy the breeze among the rain altars, and return home singing." The Master heaved a sigh and said, "I give my approval to Dian." The three others having gone out, Zeng Xi remained behind, and said, "What do you think of the words of these three friends?" The Master replied, "They simply told each one his wishes." Xi pursued, "Master, why did you smile at You?" He was answered, "The management of a state demands the rules of propriety. His words were not humble; therefore I smiled at him." Xi again said, "But was it not a state which Qiu proposed for himself?" The reply was, "Yes; did you ever see a territory of sixty or seventy li or one of fifty or sixty, which was not a state?" Once more, Xi inquired, "And was it not a state which Chi proposed for himself?" The Master again replied, "Yes; who but princes have to do with ancestral temples, and with audiences but the sovereign? If Chi were to be a small assistant in these services, who could be a great one?"