乡党篇 第十

10.1孔子于乡党，恂恂⑴如也，似不能言者。其在宗庙朝廷，便便⑵言，唯谨尔。

【译文】孔子在本乡的地方上非常恭顺，好像不能说话的样子。他在宗庙里、朝廷上，有话便明白而流畅地说出，只是说得很少。

【英译】Confucius, in his village, looked simple and sincere, and as if he were not able to speak. When he was in the prince's ancestral temple, or in the court, he spoke minutely on every point, but cautiously.

10.2朝，与下大夫言，侃侃如也；与上大夫言，誾誾⑴如也。君在，踧踖如也，与与如也。

【译文】上朝的时候，［君主还没有到来，］同下大夫说话，温和而快乐的样子；同上大夫说话，正直而恭敬的样子。君主已经来了，恭敬而心中不安的样子，行步安祥的样子。

【英译】When he was waiting at court, in speaking with the great officers of the lower grade, he spoke freely, but in a straightforward manner; in speaking with those of the higher grade, he did so blandly, but precisely. When the ruler was present, his manner displayed respectful uneasiness; it was grave, but self-possessed.

10.3君召使摈，色勃如也，足躩⑴如也。揖所与立，左右手，衣前后⑵，襜⑶如也。趋进⑷，翼如也。宾退，必复命曰：“宾不顾矣。”

【译文】鲁君召他去接待外国的贵宾，面色矜持庄重，脚步也快起来。向两旁的人作揖，或者向左拱手，或者向右拱手，衣裳一俯一仰，却很整齐。快步向前，好像鸟儿舒展了翅膀。贵宾辞别后一定向君主回报说：“客人已经不回头了。”

【英译】When the prince called him to employ him in the reception of a visitor, his countenance appeared to change, and his legs to move forward with difficulty. He inclined himself to the other officers among whom he stood, moving his left or right arm, as their position required, but keeping the skirts of his robe before and behind evenly adjusted. He hastened forward, with his arms like the wings of a bird. When the guest had retired, he would report to the prince, "The visitor is not turning round any more."

10.4入公门，鞠躬如⑴也，如不容。立不中门，行不履阈。过位⑵，色勃如也，足躩如也，其言似不足者。摄齐⑶升堂，鞠躬如也，屏气⑷似不息者。出，降一等，逞颜色，怡怡如也。没阶，趋进⑸，翼如也。复其位，踧踖如也。

【译文】孔子走进朝廷的门，害怕而谨慎的样子，好像没有容身之地。站，不站在门的中间；走，不踩门坎。经过国君的坐位，面色便矜庄，脚步也快，言语也好像中气不足。提起下襬向堂上走，恭敬谨慎的样子，憋住气好像不呼吸一般。走出来，降下台阶一级，面色便放松，怡然自得。走完了台阶，快快地向前走几步，好像鸟儿舒展翅膀。回到自己的位置，恭敬而内心不安的样子。

【英译】When he entered the palace gate, he seemed to bend his body, as if it were not sufficient to admit him. When he was standing, he did not occupy the middle of the gateway; when he passed in or out, he did not tread upon the threshold. When he was passing the vacant place of the prince, his countenance appeared to change, and his legs to bend under him, and his words came as if he hardly had breath to utter them. He ascended the reception hall, holding up his robe with both his hands, and his body bent; holding in his breath also, as if he dared not breathe. When he came out from the audience, as soon as he had descended one step, he began to relax his countenance, and had a satisfied look. When he had got the bottom of the steps, he advanced rapidly to his place, with his arms like wings, and on occupying it, his manner still showed respectful uneasiness.

10.5执圭⑴，鞠躬如也，如不胜⑵。上如揖，下如授。勃如战色，足蹜蹜如有循⑶。享礼⑷，有容色⑸私觌⑹，愉愉如也。

【译文】［孔子出使到外国，举行典礼，］拿着圭，恭敬谨慎地，好像举不起来。向上举好像在作揖，向下拿好像在交给别人。面色矜庄好像在作战。脚步也紧凑狭窄，好像在沿着［一条线］走过。献礼物的时候，满脸和气。用私人身分和外国君臣会见，显得轻松愉快。

【英译】When he was carrying the scepter of his ruler, he seemed to bend his body, as if he were not able to bear its weight. He did not hold it higher than the position of the hands in making a bow, nor lower than their position in giving anything to another. His countenance seemed to change, and look apprehensive, and he dragged his feet along as if they were held by something to the ground. In presenting the presents with which he was charged, he wore a placid appearance. At his private audience, he looked highly pleased.

10.6君子不以绀緅饰⑴，红紫不以为亵服⑵。当暑，袗絺绤⑶，必表而出之。缁衣，羔裘；素衣，麑裘；黄衣，狐裘⑷。亵裘长⑸，短右袂⑹。必有寝衣⑺，长一身有半。狐貉之厚以居。去丧，无所不佩。非帷裳⑻，必杀之⑼。羔裘玄冠不以吊⑽。吉月⑾，必朝服而朝。

【译文】君子不用［近乎黑色的］天青色和铁灰色作镶边，［近乎赤色的］浅红色和紫色不用来作平常居家的衣服。暑天，穿着粗的或者细的葛布单衣，但一定裹着衬衫，使它露在外面。黑色的衣配紫羔，白色的衣配麑裘，黄色的衣配狐裘。居家的皮袄身材较长，可是右边的袖子要做得短些。睡觉一定有小被，长度合本人身长的一又二分之一。用狐貉皮的厚毛作坐垫。丧服满了以后，什么东西都可以佩带。不是［上朝和祭祀穿的］用整幅布做的裙子，一定裁去一些布。紫羔和黑色礼帽都不穿戴着去吊丧。大年初一，一定穿着上朝的礼服去朝贺。

【英译】The superior man did not use a deep purple, or a puce color, in the ornaments of his dress. Even in his undress, he did not wear anything of a red or reddish color. In warm weather, he had a single garment either of coarse or fine texture, but he wore it displayed over an inner garment. Over lamb's fur he wore a garment of black; over fawn's fur one of white; and over fox's fur one of yellow. The fur robe of his undress was long, with the right sleeve short. He required his sleeping dress to be half as long again as his body. When staying at home, he used thick furs of the fox or the badger. When he put off mourning, he wore all the appendages of the girdle. His undergarment, except when it was required to be of the curtain shape, was made of silk cut narrow above and wide below. He did not wear lamb's fur or a black cap on a visit of condolence. On the first day of the month he put on his court robes, and presented himself at court.

10.7齐，必有明衣，布⑴。齐必变食⑵，居必迁坐⑶。

【译文】斋戒沐浴的时候，一定有浴衣，用布做的。 斋戒的时候，一定改变平常的饮食；居住也一定搬移地方［不和妻妾同房］。

【英译】When fasting, he thought it necessary to have his clothes brightly clean and made of linen cloth. When fasting, he thought it necessary to change his food, and also to change the place where he commonly sat in the apartment.

10.8食不厌精，脍不厌细。食饐而餲⑴，鱼馁而肉败⑵，不食。色恶，不食。臭恶，不食。失饪，不食。不时⑶，不食。割不正⑷，不食。不得其酱，不食。肉虽多，不使胜食气⑸。唯酒无量，不及乱⑹。沽酒市脯不食。不撤姜食，不多食。

【译文】粮食不嫌舂得精，鱼和肉不嫌切得细。粮食霉烂发臭，鱼和肉腐烂，都不吃。食物颜色难看，不吃。气味难闻，不吃。烹调不当，不吃。不到该当吃食时候，不吃。不是按一定方法砍割的肉，不吃。没有一定调味的酱醋，不吃。席上肉虽然多，吃它不超过主食。只有酒不限量，却不至醉。买来的酒和肉干不吃。吃完了，姜不撤除，但吃得不多。

【英译】He did not dislike to have his rice finely cleaned, nor to have his mince meat cut quite small. He did not eat rice which had been injured by heat or damp and turned sour, nor fish or flesh which was gone. He did not eat what was discolored, or what was of a bad flavor, nor anything which was ill-cooked, or was not in season. He did not eat meat which was not cut properly, nor what was served without its proper sauce. Though there might be a large quantity of meat, he would not allow what he took to exceed the due proportion for the rice. It was only in wine that he laid down no limit for himself, but he did not allow himself to be confused by it. He did not partake of wine and dried meat bought in the market. He was never without ginger when he ate. He did not eat much.

10.9祭于公，不宿肉⑴。祭肉⑵不出三日。出三日，不食之矣。

【译文】参与国家祭祀典礼，不把祭肉留到第二天。别的祭肉留存不超过三天。若是存放过了三天，便不吃了。

【英译】When he had been assisting at the prince's sacrifice, he did not keep the flesh which he received overnight. The flesh of his family sacrifice he did not keep over three days. If kept over three days, people could not eat it.

10.10食不语，寝不言。

【译文】吃饭的时候不交谈，睡觉的时候不说话。

【英译】When eating, he did not converse. When in bed, he did not speak.

10.11虽疏食菜羹，瓜祭⑴，必齐如也。

【译文】虽然是糙米饭小菜汤，也一定得先祭一祭，而且祭的时候还一定恭恭敬敬，好像斋戒了的一样。

【英译】Although his food might be coarse rice and vegetable soup, he would offer a little of it in sacrifice with a grave, respectful air.

10.12席⑴不正，不坐。

【译文】坐席摆的方向不合礼制，不坐。

【英译】If his mat was not straight, he did not sit on it.

10.13乡人饮酒⑴，杖者出，斯出矣。

【译文】行乡饮酒礼后，要等老年人都出去了，自己这纔出去。

【英译】When the villagers were drinking together, upon those who carried staffs going out, he went out immediately after.

10.14乡人傩⑴，朝服而立于阼阶⑵。

【译文】本地方人迎神驱鬼，穿着朝服站在东边的台阶上。

【英译】When the villagers were going through their ceremonies to drive away pestilential influences, he put on his court robes and stood on the eastern steps.

10.15问⑴人于他邦，再拜⑵而送之。

【译文】托人给在外国的朋友问好送礼，便向受托者拜两次送行。

【英译】When he was sending complimentary inquiries to any one in another state, he bowed twice as he escorted the messenger away.

10.16康子馈药，拜而受之。曰：“丘未达，不敢尝。”

【译文】季康子给孔子送药，孔子拜而接受，却说道：“我对这药性不很了解，不敢试服。”

【英译】Ji Kang having sent him a present of physic, he bowed and received it, saying, "I do not know it. I dare not taste it."

10.17厩焚。子退朝，曰：“伤人乎？”不问马。

【译文】孔子的马棚失了火。孔子从朝廷回来，道：“伤了人吗？”，不问到马。

【英译】The stable being burned down, when he was at court, on his return he said, "Has any man been hurt?" He did not ask about the horses.

10.18君赐食，必正席先尝之。君赐腥，必熟而荐⑴之。君赐生，必畜之。侍食于君，君祭，先饭。

【译文】国君赐以熟食，孔子一定摆正坐位先尝一尝。国君赐以生肉，一定煮熟了，先［给祖宗］进供。国君赐以活物，一定养着它。同国君一道吃饭，当他举行饭前祭礼的时候，自己先吃饭，［不吃菜。］

【英译】When the prince sent him a gift of cooked meat, he would adjust his mat, first taste it, and then give it away to others. When the prince sent him a gift of undressed meat, he would have it cooked, and offer it to the spirits of his ancestors. When the prince sent him a gift of a living animal, he would keep it alive. When he was in attendance on the prince and joining in the entertainment, the prince only sacrificed. He first tasted everything.

10.19疾，君视之，东首⑴，加朝服，拖绅⑵。

【译文】孔子病了，国君来探问，他便脑袋朝东，把上朝的礼服披在身上，拖着大带。

【英译】When he was ill and the prince came to visit him, he had his head to the east, made his court robes be spread over him, and drew his girdle across them.

10.20君命召，不俟驾行矣。

【译文】国君呼唤，孔子不等待车辆驾好马，立卽先步行。

【英译】When the prince's order called him, without waiting for his carriage to be yoked, he went at once. 14 Jump to dictionaryShow parallel passagesShow commentaryShow additional information 乡党:

10.21入太庙，每事问⑴。

【英译】When he entered the ancestral temple of the state, he asked about everything.

10.22朋友死，无所归，曰：“于我殡⑴。”

【译文】朋友死亡，没有负责收敛的人，孔子便道：“丧葬由我来料理。”

【英译】When any of his friends died, if he had no relations who could be depended on for the necessary offices, he would say, "I will bury him."

10.23朋友之馈，虽车马，非祭肉，不拜。

【译文】朋友的赠品，卽使是车马，只要不是祭肉，孔子在接受的时候，不行礼。

【英译】When a friend sent him a present, though it might be a carriage and horses, he did not bow. The only present for which he bowed was that of the flesh of sacrifice.

10.24寝不尸，居不客⑴。

【译文】孔子睡觉不像死尸一样［直躺着］，平日坐着，也不像接见客人或者自己做客人一样，［跪着两膝在席上。］

【英译】In bed, he did not lie like a corpse. At home, he did not put on any formal deportment.

10.25见齐衰者，虽狎，必变。见冕者与瞽者，虽亵，必以貌。凶服者式⑴之。式负版⑵者。有盛馔，必变色而作。迅雷风烈⑶必变。

【译文】孔子看见穿齐衰孝服的人，就是极亲密的，也一定改变态度，［表示同情。］看见戴着礼帽和瞎了眼睛的人，卽使常相见，也一定有礼貌。在车中遇着拿了送死人衣物的人，便把身体微微地向前一俯，手伏着车前的横木，［表示同情。］遇见背负国家图籍的人，也手伏车前横木。一有丰富的菜肴，一定神色变动，站立起来。遇见疾雷、大风，一定改变态度。

【英译】When he saw any one in a mourning dress, though it might be an acquaintance, he would change countenance; when he saw any one wearing the cap of full dress, or a blind person, though he might be in his undress, he would salute him in a ceremonious manner. To any person in mourning he bowed forward to the crossbar of his carriage; he bowed in the same way to any one bearing the tables of population. When he was at an entertainment where there was an abundance of provisions set before him, he would change countenance and rise up. On a sudden clap of thunder, or a violent wind, he would change countenance.

10.26升车，必正立，执绥。车中，不内顾，不疾言，不亲指。

【译文】孔子上车，一定先端正地站好，拉着扶手带［登车］。在车中，不向内回顾，不很快地说话，不用手指指画画。

【英译】When he was about to mount his carriage, he would stand straight, holding the cord. When he was in the carriage, he did not turn his head quite round, he did not talk hastily, he did not point with his hands.

10.27色斯举矣，翔而后集。曰：“山梁雌雉，时哉时哉！”子路共⑴之，三嗅⑵而作⑶。

【译文】［孔子在山谷中行走，看见几只野鸡。］孔子的脸色一动，野鸡便飞向天空，盘旋一阵，又都停在一处。孔子道：“这些山梁上雌雉，得其时呀，得其时呀，”子路向它们拱拱手，它们又振一振翅膀飞去了。

【英译】Seeing the countenance, it instantly rises. It flies round, and by and by settles. The Master said, "There is the hen-pheasant on the hill bridge. At its season! At its season!" Zi Lu made a motion to it. Thrice it smelled him and then rose.